ArticleNutrients2020
Macronutrient Intake from Human Milk, Infant Growth, and Body Composition at Term Equivalent Age: A Longitudinal Study of Hospitalized Very Preterm Infants.
Article in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total Fat and Fatty Acid Composition of Preterm Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Nutrition assessment of hospitalized very preterm infants: Best practices for accurate anthropometry in neonatal intensive care unit settings.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2025Guideline
- Trial
- Carbohydrate and Energy Composition of Preterm Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Human milk macronutrient composition and intake in relation to preterm infant growth: a cohort study.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Associations of human milk lactoferrin with measures of physical growth in very preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Neonatal steroid exposure and body composition in preterm infants at discharge.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Simulating the biochemical environment for infant intestinal digestion: key challenges and recommendations.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- A Framework for Evaluation of New Processing Technologies in Human Milk Banking.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2025Review
- Effects of Early Enteral to Parenteral Protein Ratios on Brain Volume and Somatic Growth in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Review
- Lactoferrin intake from maternal milk during the neonatal hospitalization and early brain development among preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Impact of Nutrient Intake on Body Composition in Very Low-Birth Weight Infants Following Early Progressive Enteral Feeding.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Article
- Infant body composition: A comprehensive overview of assessment techniques, nutrition factors, and health outcomes.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- Protein and Immune Component Content of Donor Human Milk in Japan: Variation with Gestational and Postpartum Age.Nutrients · 2023Article
- An equitable, community-engaged translational framework for science in human lactation and infant feeding-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 5.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Review
- Influence of maternal and perinatal factors on macronutrient content of very preterm human milk during the first weeks after birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- Analysis of risk factors related to extremely and very preterm birth: a retrospective study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The variable macronutrient content of human milk may contribute to growth deficits among preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In a longitudinal study of 37 infants < 32 weeks gestation, we aimed to (1) determine the between-infant variation in macronutrient intake from human milk and (2) examine associations of macronutrient intake with growth outcomes. We analyzed 1626 human milk samples (median, 43 samples/infant) with mid infrared spectroscopy. Outcomes at term equivalent age were weight, length, head circumference, fat mass, and fat-free mass. Median (range) intakes from human milk were: protein 1.37 (0.88, 2.43) g/kg/day; fat 4.20 (3.19, 5.82) g/kg/day; carbohydrate 8.94 (7.72, 9.85) g/kg/day; and energy 82.5 (68.7, 99.3) kcal/kg/day. In median regression models adjusted for birth size and gestational age, and other covariates, greater intakes of fat and energy were associated with higher weight (0.61 z-scores per g/kg/day fat, 95% CI 0.21, 1.01; 0.69 z-scores per 10 kcal/kg/day, 95% CI 0.28, 1.10), whereas greater protein intake was associated with greater body length (0.84 z-scores per g/kg/day protein, 95% CI 0.09, 1.58). Higher fat intake was also associated with higher fat mass and fat-free mass. Macronutrient intakes from human milk were highly variable and associated with growth outcomes despite routine fortification.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.