ReviewEndocrinology2020
Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes.
Review in Endocrinology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04865029 (Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 157 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
157 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 267 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of progesterone on the immune system in women: a systematic literature review.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Pooled it
- Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception: a Cochrane systematic review.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Features of severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical investigation · 2020Pooled it
- Guideline
- Acute estradiol and progesterone therapy in hospitalized adults to reduce COVID-19 severity: a randomized control trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Acute estradiol and progesterone therapy in hospitalised adults to reduce COVID-19 severity: a randomised control trial.BMJ open · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Genetic background modifies host and viral parameters of neonatal gammaherpesvirus infection.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Trends and Disparities in Pneumothorax-Related Deaths in the United States Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A CDC WONDER Database Analysis.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Distinct immunomodulatory effects of synthetic progestins compared with natural progesterone in human immune cells.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Association between dietary inflammatory index, empirical dietary inflammatory patterns and the risk of Long COVID: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Screening of Biomarkers Related to Mitophagy in Severe Pancreatitis Based on Bioinformatics Methods.Iranian journal of biotechnology · 2026Article
- Observational
- Sex hormone-psoriasis interactions: from sex-specific clinical features to immunoregulatory mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Biochemical Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Hemodialysis: The Role of Albumin, Calcium, and βBiomedicines · 2025Article
- Association of hormone therapy and outcomes in COVID-19.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Fetal Bovine Serum Modulates Primary Human Cell Phenotypes, Endothelial Barrier Function, Vasculogenesis, and Angiogenesis in a Sex-Specific Manner.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2025Article
- The potential bidirectional relationship between long COVID and menstruation.Nature communications · 2025Article
97 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Severe outcomes and death from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to be characterized by an exaggerated immune response with hypercytokinemia leading to inflammatory infiltration of the lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes is consistently lower in women than men worldwide, suggesting that female biological sex is instrumental in protection. This mini-review discusses the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of high physiological concentrations of the steroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). We review how E2 and P4 favor a state of decreased innate immune inflammatory response while enhancing immune tolerance and antibody production. We discuss how the combination of E2 and P4 may improve the immune dysregulation that leads to the COVID-19 cytokine storm. It is intended to stimulate novel consideration of the biological forces that are protective in women compared to men, and to therapeutically harness these factors to mitigate COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.