SynthesisParasitology2020
A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance in
Synthesis in Parasitology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Global prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasitology research · 2021Pooled it
- Machine Learning Classification Models for the Design of Novel Nitroimidazole Derivatives with Anti-ACS omega · 2026Article
- Discovery of thienopyrimidine analog G-18 as a novel anti-trichomonal agent.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Multidose Metronidazole Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis More Effective Than Single-Dose Treatment in Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- Molecular Identification of Cytochrome b Mutations in Buparvaquone-Unresponsive Theileria annulata Isolates from Khorasan-Razavi, Iran.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Signatures ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Trichomonas vaginalis Drug Targets and Their Role in Drug Discovery and Development.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Expanding the Antimicrobial Toolbox with Therapeutic Viruses: Mechanisms, Pharmaceutical Formulation, and Translational Outlook.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-20: Implications for Trichomoniasis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The persistent parasite: diagnosis and treatment of resistantSexually transmitted infections · 2026Article
- Novel Hit Compounds Against a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Synthesis and Trichomonacidal Activity of 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Inhibitors of the 20S proteasome β5 subunit as potent and selective agents againstAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Chromatin accessibility and gene expression in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Nitazoxanide and tizoxanide demonstrate high levels ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Roles of efflux pumps and nitroreductases in metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- Ethical bioprospecting and microbial assessments for sustainable solutions to the AMR crisis.IUBMB life · 2025Review
- Expanding the antiprotozoal activity and the mechanism of action of n-butyl and iso-butyl ester of quinoxaline-1,4-di-Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Restoration ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Fused Enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase::6-Phosphogluconolactonase (G6PD::6PGL) as a Potential Drug Target inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTrichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-Nitroimidazoles [metronidazole (MTZ) and tinidazole (TDZ)] are FDA-approved treatments. To better understand treatment failure, we conducted a systematic review on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance.
methodsPubMed, ScienceDirect and EMBASE databases were searched using keywords Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, 5-nitroimidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole and drug resistance. Non-English language articles and articles on other treatments were excluded.
resultsThe search yielded 606 articles, of which 550 were excluded, leaving 58 articles. Trichomonas vaginalis resistance varies and is higher with MTZ (2.2-9.6%) than TDZ (0-2%). Resistance can be aerobic or anaerobic and is relative rather than absolute. Differential expression of enzymes involved in trichomonad energy production and antioxidant defenses affects 5-nitroimidazole drug activation; reduced expression of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, ferredoxin, nitroreductase, hydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase are implicated in drug resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis infection with Mycoplasma hominis or T. vaginalis virus has also been associated with resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis has two genotypes, with greater resistance seen in type 2 (vs type 1) populations. DISCUSSION: 5-Nitroimidazole resistance results from differential expression of enzymes involved in energy production or antioxidant defenses, along with genetic mutations in the T. vaginalis genome. Alternative treatments outside of the 5-nitroimidazole class are needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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