ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2020
A model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 169 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of spatial and temporal epidemiological approaches, focus on lung cancer risk associated with particulate matter.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Incorporating Social Determinants of Health in Infectious Disease Models: A Systematic Review of Guidelines.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Methods Used in the Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiology: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Violent trauma as an indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of hospital reported trauma.American journal of surgery · 2021Pooled it
- Experiences of Hispanic Safety Net Clinic Patients With Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.The science of diabetes self-management and care · 2022Trial
- The impact of COVID-19 on people who inject drugs in New York City: increased risk and decreased access to services.Harm reduction journal · 2021Trial
- Disparities and determinants of outcomes in COVID-19 emergency department visits in the united states: a nationwide analysis of mortality and patient disposition.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Maternal Coronavirus Disease 2019 Test Positivity and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Outcomes for Infants Born Extremely Preterm.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Predicting COVID-19 infection among older Syrian refugees in Lebanon: A multi-wave survey.PloS one · 2026Article
- Racism, discrimination, and distress: A cross-sectional examination of smoking behaviors among adults who smoke during the COVID-19 pandemic.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Linguistic factors and COVID-19 outcomes among long-term care residents in Ontario, Canada.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Patients with a Preferred Language Other than English in the Emergency Department.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Seasonal Mortality Patterns Analyzing Epidemiological Impact of COVID-19 on Overall Mortality Rates in Belgrade, Serbia Over Three-Year Period (2020-2023): Mental Health Consequences and Public Health Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The association of COVID- 19 parental immunization and transmission of disease to offspring: a retrospective study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- COVID-19 Reinfections in the City of São Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long COVID and financial hardship: A disaggregated analysis at income and education levels.Health services research · 2025Article
- Associations of Individual and Neighborhood Factors with Disparities in COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- History of Alcohol Use Disorder and Housing Instability as Predictors of Fatigue and Mental Health Problems During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2025Article
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBy mid-May 2020, there were over 1.5 million cases of (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 across the U.S. with new confirmed cases continuing to rise following the re-opening of most states. Prior studies have focused mainly on clinical risk factors associated with serious illness and mortality of COVID-19. Less analysis has been conducted on the clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental variables associated with initial infection of COVID-19.
methodsA multivariable statistical model was used to characterize risk factors in 34,503cases of laboratory-confirmed positive or negative COVID-19 infection in the Providence Health System (U.S.) between February 28 and April 27, 2020. Publicly available data were utilized as approximations for social determinants of health, and patient-level clinical and sociodemographic factors were extracted from the electronic medical record.
resultsHigher risk of COVID-19 infection was associated with older age (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.41-2.02, p < 0.0001), male gender (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.21-1.44, p < 0.0001), Asian race (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.18-1.72, p = 0.0002), Black/African American race (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.25-1.83, p < 0.0001), Latino ethnicity (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.77-2.41, p < 0.0001), non-English language (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.7-2.57, p < 0.0001), residing in a neighborhood with financial insecurity (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01-1.25, p = 0.04), low air quality (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.0-1.04, p = 0.05), housing insecurity (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16-1.5, p < 0.0001) or transportation insecurity (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02-1.23, p = 0.03), and living in senior living communities (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.23-2.32, p = 0.001).
conclusionsisk of COVID-19 infection is higher among groups already affected by health disparities across age, race, ethnicity, language, income, and living conditions. Health promotion and disease prevention strategies should prioritize groups most vulnerable to infection and address structural inequities that contribute to risk through social and economic policy.
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