ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2020
State-Level Income Inequality and County-Level Social Capital in Relation to Individual-Level Depression in Middle-Aged Adults: A Lagged Multilevel Study.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between income inequality and adult mental health at the subnational level-a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- Individual and area-level factors associated with depression in indonesia: a multilevel analysis using the 2018 national basic health research.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Cross-national comparison of major depressive disorder burden in China, India, and the United States of America: an age-period-cohort analysis of GBD 2021.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Gender Differences in Whether and How Perceived Inequality Hampers Self-Rated Health and Mental Health: Evidence from the Chinese General Social Survey and a Randomized Experiment in China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- County-level political group density, partisan polarization, and individual-level mortality among adults in the United States: A lagged multilevel study.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Major and minor ECG abnormalities depending on regional living conditions in Russia.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Mental Health of the Russian Federation Population versus Regional Living Conditions and Individual Income.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in depression and anxiety and its determinants in Iranian older adults.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Neighbourhood Income Inequality and General Psychopathology at 3-Years of Age.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent · 2022Article
- Sex differences in the relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease risk: a nationwide study in Korea.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
In the US, the incidence of depression and suicide have followed escalating trends over the past several years. These trends call for greater efforts towards identifying their underlying drivers and finding effective prevention strategies and treatments. One social determinant of health that plausibly influences the risk of depression is income inequality, the gap between the rich and poor. However, research on this association is still sparse. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the US Census to investigate the multilevel lagged associations of state-level income inequality with the individual-level odds of depression in middle-aged adults, controlling for state- and individual-level factors. We also examined the independent associations of county-level social capital with depression and explored whether it mediated the income inequality relationship. Higher income inequality at the state level predicted higher odds of individual-level depression nearly 2 decades later [OR for middle vs. lowest tertile of income inequality = 1.35 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.76), OR for highest vs. lowest tertile = 1.34 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.78)]. This association was stronger among men than women. Furthermore, there was evidence that county-level social capital independently predicted depression and that it mediated the income inequality association. Overall, our findings suggest that policies attenuating levels of income inequality at the US state level and that leverage social capital may protect against one's likelihood of developing depression.
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