ArticlePediatric research2021
Incidence of invasive Group B Streptococcal infection and the risk of infant death and cerebral palsy: a Norwegian Cohort Study.
Article in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Strategies for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infection in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical Risk Factors Associated With Late-Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Pooled it
- Time to rethink prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Early-Onset Neonatal Infection and Cerebral Palsy.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Article
- A Comparison of Clinical, Neonatal, and Maternal Factors Between Early- and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease.Cureus · 2025Article
- Influence of perinatal ampicillin exposure on maternal fecal microbial and metabolic profiles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Burden of infant group BLancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent Group B streptococcal infections in newborn infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing various strategies.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Group B Streptococcus Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Observational
- Article
- Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Infection of the Neonate and Infant.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Group B streptococcal infections in infants in Iceland: clinical and microbiological factors.Journal of medical microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGroup B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of invasive neonatal infection worldwide. In high-income countries mortality rates are 4-10%, and among survivors of GBS meningitis 30-50% have neurodevelopmental impairments. We hypothesized that invasive GBS infection was associated with increased risk of infant mortality and cerebral palsy (CP).
methodsAll children born alive in Norway during 1996-2012 were included. Data were collected from three national registers. Invasive GBS infection during infancy was categorized into early-onset disease (EOD), late-onset disease (LOD), and very late-onset disease (VLOD). Primary outcomes were infant mortality and CP.
resultsInvasive GBS infection was diagnosed in 625 children (incidence: 0.62 per 1000 live births; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57-0.67). The incidence of EOD was 0.41 (0.37-0.45), of LOD 0.20 (0.17-0.23), and of VLOD 0.012 (0.007-0.021). The annual incidence of LOD increased slightly. Among infected infants, 44 (7%) died (odds ratio (OR): 24.5; 95% CI: 18.0-33.3 compared with the background population). Among survivors, 24 (4.1%) children were later diagnosed with CP, compared with 1887 (0.19%) in the background population (OR: 22.9; 95% CI: 15.1-34.5).
conclusionDespite a relatively low incidence of invasive GBS infection in Norway, the risk of death and CP remains high. Improvements in prevention strategies are needed. IMPACT: During the first decade of the twenty-first century, invasive GBS disease in infancy is still associated with high mortality. Despite the overall low incidence of invasive GBS disease, the incidence of LOD increased during the study period. The finding that invasive GBS infection in the neonatal period or during infancy is associated with an excess risk of CP, comparable to the risk following moderate preterm birth and moderate low Apgar scores, adds to the existing literature. The results of this study emphasize the importance of adhering to guidelines and the need for better prevention strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.