ArticleThe international journal of neuropsychopharmacology2020
Pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of interleukin (IL6) in vitro: relevance for major depression and for human hippocampal neurogenesis.
Article in The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- From placenta to the foetus: a systematic review of in vitro models of stress- and inflammation-induced depression in pregnancy.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Acute and long-term effects of adolescence stress exposure on rodent adult hippocampal neurogenesis, cognition, and behaviour.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Ketamine's effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Association of plasma cytokines and antidepressant response following mild-intensity whole-body hyperthermia in major depressive disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against inflammation through production of LOX and CYP450 lipid mediators: relevance for major depression and for human hippocampal neurogenesis.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Hippocampal growth and function are reduced in the newborn following fetal growth restriction.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Impact of IL-6 receptor inhibitors on cerebrospinal fluid metabolites in type 2 diabetes patients.Medicine · 2026Article
- Decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and post-stroke depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- The Role of CCL11-CCR3 Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Cognitive Impairment in Early-onset Schizophrenia: Insights from Preclinical Studies.Inflammation · 2025Article
- The dietary ligands, omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids and short-chain fatty acids prevent cytokine-induced reduction of human hippocampal neurogenesis and alter the expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Single Exposure to Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Causes Biphasic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier Through Secondary Mechanisms.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Chitosan lactate improves repeated closed head injury-generated motor and neurological dysfunctions in mice by impacting microbiota gut-brain axis.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for stimulating fibrotic responses: development of an in-vitro assay for implant material testing.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in CNS diseases: Functional regulation and potential therapeutic indication.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Ketamine Prevents Inflammation-Induced Reduction of Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis via Inhibiting the Production of Neurotoxic Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Neurobiology and systems biology of stress resilience.Physiological reviews · 2024Review
- In Vitro Investigation of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (PEMF) with MAGCELLJournal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)6, has been generally regarded as "depressogenic", recent research has started to question this assumption, in light of the fact that this cytokine can also have anti-inflammatory properties. This bimodal action seems to be dependent on its concentration levels, and on the concomitant presence of other pro-inflammatory cytokines.
methodsWe exposed a human hippocampal progenitor cell line HPC0A07/03C to cytokine levels described in depressed patients (IL6 5pg/ml with IL1β 10pg/ml or Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) 300pg/ml), in healthy subjects (IL6 with IL1β, 1pg/ml or MIF 10pg/ml), as well as to the potentially anti-inflammatory, much higher concentrations of IL6 (50000pg/ml).
resultsTreatment with high concentrations of IL6 with IL1β or MIF (resembling depressed patients) decreases neurogenesis when compared with low concentrations of the same cytokines (healthy subjects), and that this is mediated via production of, respectively, IL8 and IL1β in cell supernatant. Instead, treatment with the very high, anti-inflammatory concentration of IL6 (50000pg/ml) together with high IL1β or MIF prevents the decrease in neurogenesis and reduces both IL8 and IL1β. When the high concentrations of both IL1β and MIF were used in co-treatment, as a model of treatment resistant depression, we also demonstrate a reduction in neurogenesis, and that this is mediated via a decrease in IL4; moreover, co-treatment with high IL1β and MIF and the very high concentration of IL6 prevents the reduction in neurogenesis, and increases IL4.
conclusionsOur results demonstrate that IL6 can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory (potentially antidepressant) properties, depending on its concentrations and combinations with other inflammatory cytokines.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.