ReviewTargeted oncology2020
Lessons to be Learnt from Real-World Studies on Immune-Related Adverse Events with Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Clinical Perspective from Pharmacovigilance.
Review in Targeted oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal changes in the relative toxicity of FDA-approved oncology therapeutics: evidence from paired initial and updated RCT reports.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with Merkel Cell Carcinoma: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Disproportionality analysis to investigate fatal adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Proceed with extreme caution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome with Angiogenesis Inhibitors for Solid Tumours: Clues from a Disproportionality Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Pharmacodynamics.Targeted oncology · 2026Article
- Ipilimumab and nivolumab for cancer treatment: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FDA adverse event reporting system database.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors on pregnancy: current evidence and future directions.BMJ oncology · 2026Review
- Age and Clinical Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicities in Portugal: A Decade of Pharmacovigilance.Cancers · 2025Article
- A Practical Approach in Differentiating IBD From Other Causes of Enterocolitis.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular toxicities associated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Article
- A Challenging Case of Immune-Related Organizing Pneumonitis Following Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibitor Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2025Article
- Inconsistent and Inaccurate Cancer Clinical Trial Reporting of Venous and Arterial Thrombotic Events: An Urgent Call to Action.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025Article
- Endoscopic insights into digestive-related adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A narrative review.World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2025Review
- Association of Sinonasal Symptoms and Disease With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2025Article
- Psychiatric disorders with antiseizure medications in children: an analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system database.Acta epileptologica · 2025Article
- Gastrointestinal Perforations Associated With JAK Inhibitors: A Disproportionality Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Article
- Germline prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor discontinuation for immune-related adverse events.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- The impact of immune-related adverse events on survival outcomes in a racially diverse population, with a focus on non-Hispanic Black patients.The oncologist · 2025Article
- Fractures Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Disproportionality Analysis of the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Real-World Comparison of the Safety Profile for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Oncology Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Pharmacovigilance study of the frequency of gastrointestinal ulceration reports associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: insights from the FDA adverse event reporting system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) caused a paradigm shift both in drug development and clinical practice; however, by virtue of their mechanism of action, the excessively activated immune system results in a multitude of off-target toxicities, the so-called immune-related adverse events (irAEs), requiring new skills for timely diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to successfully manage the patients. In the recent past, a plethora of large-scale pharmacovigilance analyses have characterized various irAEs in terms of spectrum and clinical features in the real world. This review aims to summarize and critically appraise the current landscape of pharmacovigilance studies, thus deriving take-home messages for oncologists. A brief primer to study design, conduction, and data interpretation is also offered. As of February 2020, 30 real-world postmarketing studies have characterized multiple irAEs through international spontaneous reporting systems, namely WHO Vigibase and the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. The majority of studies investigated a single irAE and provided new epidemiological evidence about class-specific patterns of irAEs (i.e. anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 [CTLA-4] versus anti-programmed cell death 1 [PD-1] receptor, and its ligand [PD-L1]), kinetics of appearance, co-occurrences (overlap) among irAEs, and fatality rate. Oncologists should be aware of both strengths and limitations of these pharmacovigilance analyses, especially in terms of data interpretation. Optimal management (including rechallenge), predictivity of irAEs (as potential biomarkers of effectiveness), and comparative safety of ICIs (also in terms of combination regimens) represent key research priorities for next-generation real-world studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.