ArticleDiabetologia2020
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: a 23 year cohort study.
Article in Diabetologia, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Screening For First Trimester's Hyperglycemia in High and Low Risk Pregnancy
Poi for Mama: a Pilot to Improve Maternal Microbiome and Gestational Diabetes Risk
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pregnancy complications and autoimmune diseases in women: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The therapeutic effects of attending a one-day outpatient service on patients with gestational diabetes and different pre-pregnancy body mass indices.Frontiers in public health · 2022Trial
- Predicting future risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus using polygenic scores: a cohort study.Diabetologia · 2026Observational
- Neighborhood Walkability and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Study in New York City.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Gestational Diabetes and Postpartum Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Disorders.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Genetic insights and mechanistic parallels in gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Insulin deficiency is associated with early postpartum T2DM in Indian women with gestational diabetes.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Maternal migraine, vascular comorbidities, and prematurity: exploring overlooked associations in pregnancy.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Predicting and classifying type 2 diabetes using a transparent ensemble model combining random forest, k-nearest neighbor, and neural networks.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Body mass index modifies the association between transthyretin concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus across pregnancy trimesters.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- The Impact of Preeclampsia and Gestational Diabetes on Future Maternal Cardiometabolic Health.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2025Review
- Unveiling Gestational Diabetes: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Current evidence on gender-related risk factors for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a reappraisal of the Italian study group on gender difference in endocrine diseases.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Review
- Prospective transitions in hemoglobin A1c following gestational diabetes using multistate Markov models.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Modulating Metabolic Health and Physiological Functions: Advances in Dietary Interventions Targeting Gut Microbiota.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2025Review
- Longitudinal clinical and proteomic diabetes signatures in women with a history of gestational diabetes.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus present an accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors at age 46-A birth cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Health impacts of new-onset diabetes in women post-gestational diabetes mellitus: Insights from Hong Kong's territory-wide data.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Article
- Distinct and shared genetic architectures of gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes.Nature genetics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe aim of this work was to examine the progression to type 1 and type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a 23 year follow-up study.
methodsWe carried out a cohort study of 391 women with GDM diagnosed by an OGTT or the use of insulin treatment during pregnancy, and 391 age- and parity-matched control participants, who delivered in 1984-1994 at the Oulu University Hospital, Finland. Diagnostic cut-off levels for glucose were as follows: fasting, ≥4.8 mmol/l; 1 h, ≥10.0 mmol/l; and 2 h, ≥8.7 mmol/l. Two follow-up questionnaires were sent (in 1995-1996 and 2012-2013) to assess the progression to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Mean follow-up time was 23.1 (range 18.7-28.8) years.
resultsType 1 diabetes developed (5.7%) during the first 7 years after GDM pregnancy and was predictable at a 2 h OGTT value of 11.9 mmol/l during pregnancy (receiver operating characteristic analysis: AUC 0.91, sensitivity 76.5%, specificity 96.0%). Type 2 diabetes increased linearly to 50.4% by the end of the follow-up period and was moderately predictable with fasting glucose (AUC 0.69, sensitivity 63.5%, specificity 68.2%) at a level of 5.1 mmol/l (identical to the fasting glucose cut-off recommended by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups [IADPSG) and WHO]). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationAll women with GDM should be intensively monitored for a decade, after which the risk for type 1 diabetes is minimal. However, the incidence of type 2 diabetes remains linear, and therefore individualised lifelong follow-up is recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.