ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Tenacious Endemic Typhoid Fever in Samoa.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst Salmonella Typhi in Bangladesh: A 24-year retrospective observational study (1999-2022).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Observational
- Detecting Residual Chronic Salmonella Typhi Carriers on the Road to Typhoid Elimination in Santiago, Chile, 2017-2019.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Dynamic Incidence of Typhoid Fever over a 10-Year Period (2010-2019) in Kibera, an Urban Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Using Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines to Prevent Disease, Promote Health Equity, and Counter Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Typhoid Control in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Review
- Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi on an Island: No H58, No Multidrug Resistance, but for How Long?mBio · 2022Article
- Article
- Spatial-temporal and phylogenetic analyses of epidemiologic data to help understand the modes of transmission of endemic typhoid fever in Samoa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Genomic epidemiology ofThe Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- Point-of-Care Ultrasound by Nonexpert Operators Demonstrates High Sensitivity and Specificity in Detecting Gallstones: Data from the Samoa Typhoid Fever Control Program.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Article
- Typhoid fever in travellers: estimating the risk of acquisition by country.Journal of travel medicine · 2021Article
- Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines: Advancing the Research and Public Health Agendas.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Persistence of anaemia among Samoan preschool age children: a longitudinal study.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Assessing the Feasibility of Typhoid Elimination.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid fever has been endemic on the island nation of Samoa (2016 population, 195 979) since the 1960s and has persisted through 2019, despite economic development and improvements in water supply and sanitation.
methodsSalmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from the 2 hospitals with blood culture capability and matched patient demographic and clinical data from January 2008 through December 2019 were analyzed. Denominators to calculate incidence by island, region, and district came from 2011 and 2016 censuses and from 2017-2019 projections from Samoa's Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed to describe typhoid case burden and incidence from 2008 to 2019 by time, place, and person.
resultsIn sum, 53-193 blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases occurred annually from 2008 to 2019, without apparent seasonality. Typhoid incidence was low among children age < 48 months (17.6-27.8/105), rose progressively in ages 5-9 years (54.0/105), 10-19 years (60.7-63.4/105), and 20-34 years (61.0-79.3/105), and then tapered off; 93.6% of cases occurred among Samoans < 50 years of age. Most typhoid cases and the highest incidence occurred in Northwest Upolu, but Apia Urban Area (served by treated water supplies) also exhibited moderate incidence. The proportion of cases from short-cycle versus long-cycle transmission is unknown. Samoan S. Typhi are pansusceptible to traditional first-line antibiotics. Nevertheless, enhanced surveillance in 2019 detected 4 (2.9%) deaths among 140 cases.
conclusionsTyphoid has been endemic in Samoa in the period 2008-2019. Interventions, including mass vaccination with a Vi-conjugate vaccine coadministered with measles vaccine are planned.
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