ReviewClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Environmental Surveillance as a Tool for Identifying High-risk Settings for Typhoid Transmission.
Review in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review on the laboratory methodology for conducting wastewater and environmental surveillance forFrontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Azithromycin-resistantJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Improved Sensitivity of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Next Generation Sequencing for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Mixed Environmental Communities Using Whole Genome Amplification.MicrobiologyOpen · 2025Article
- Communicable Disease Surveillance in South Africa and LMICs: A Systematic Review of Systems, Challenges, and Integration with Environmental Health.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Duplex EIS Sensor forBiosensors · 2025Article
- Rapid, low-cost colorimetric detection ofmBio · 2025Article
- A cost-benefit analysis of using wastewater monitoring to guide typhoid vaccine campaigns.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- Determining genotype and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi in environmental samples by amplicon sequencing.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Environmental surveillance for Salmonella Typhi to detect the typhoid burden in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Environmental persistence of nontyphoidal Salmonella in an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.PloS one · 2025Article
- Evaluating alternatives to the Widal test for typhoid fever diagnosis in developing countries: A targeted literature review.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Review
- Article
- Evaluation of Moore and grab sampling method for Salmonella Typhi detection in environmental samples in Ghana.PloS one · 2025Article
- Tracking epidemic viruses in wastewaters.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Environmental surveillance for Salmonella Typhi in rivers and wastewater from an informal sewage network in Blantyre, Malawi.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- DiarrhoeagenicInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Article
- Reuse, Repurpose, and Recycle: Bacteriophages and Microbial Surveillance (1921-2023).PHAGE (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Review
- Old tools, new applications: Use of environmental bacteriophages for typhoid surveillance and evaluating vaccine impact.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Enteric fever remains a major cause of morbidity in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions that enable fecal contamination of water distribution systems. Historical evidence has shown that contamination of water systems used for household consumption or agriculture are key transmission routes for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. The World Health Organization now recommends that typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) be used in settings with high typhoid incidence; consequently, governments face a challenge regarding how to prioritize typhoid against other emerging diseases. A key issue is the lack of typhoid burden data in many low- and middle-income countries where TCV could be deployed. Here we present an argument for utilizing environmental sampling for the surveillance of enteric fever organisms to provide data on community-level typhoid risk. Such an approach could complement traditional blood culture-based surveillance or even replace it in settings where population-based clinical surveillance is not feasible. We review historical studies characterizing the transmission of enteric fever organisms through sewage and water, discuss recent advances in the molecular detection of typhoidal Salmonella in the environment, and outline challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to establish environmental sampling as a tool for generating actionable data that can inform public health responses to enteric fever.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.