ArticlePharmaceutics2020
Enhanced Corneal Penetration of a Poorly Permeable Drug Using Bioadhesive Multiple Microemulsion Technology.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and characterization of a topical ferrochelatase inhibitor nanoemulsion for choroidal neovascularization therapy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Fenofibrate microemulsion eyedrops for treating nitrogen mustard induced corneal injury.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
- Emulsion and Emulgel-Based Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Targeting Ocular Biofilms with Plant-Derived Antimicrobials in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Topical Ocular Drug Delivery: The Impact of Permeation Enhancers.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Exploring the Versatility of Microemulsions in Cutaneous Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Fabrication and characterization of electrospun nanofibers using biocompatible polymers for the sustained release of venlafaxine.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Effect of Anti-Inflammatory Topical Ophthalmic Treatments on In Vitro Corneal Epithelial Cells.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
- Linoleic Acid-Based Transferosomes for Topical Ocular Delivery of Cyclosporine A.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Ocular Penetrance and Safety of the Dopaminergic Prodrug Etilevodopa.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- In Silico Screening and In Vivo Evaluation of Potential CACNA2D1 Antagonists as Intraocular Pressure-Reducing Agents in Glaucoma Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Proinflammatory Pathways Are Activated in the Human Q344X Rhodopsin Knock-In Mouse Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Corneal penetration is a key rate limiting step in the bioavailability of topical ophthalmic formulations that incorporate poorly permeable drugs. Recent advances have greatly aided the ocular delivery of such drugs using colloidal drug delivery systems. Ribavirin, a poorly permeable BCS class-III drug, was incorporated in bioadhesive multiple W/O/W microemulsion (ME) to improve its corneal permeability. The drug-loaded ME was evaluated regarding its physical stability, droplet size, PDI, zeta potential, ultrastructure, viscosity, bioadhesion, in vitro release, transcorneal permeability, cytotoxicity, safety and ocular tolerance. Our ME possessed excellent physical stability, as it successfully passed several cycles of centrifugation and freeze-thaw tests. The formulation has a transparent appearance due to its tiny droplet size (10 nm). TEM confirmed ME droplet size and revealed its multilayered structure. In spite of the high aqueous solubility and the low permeability of ribavirin, this unique formulation was capable of sustaining its release for up to 24 h and improving its corneal permeability by 3-fold. The in vitro safety of our ME was proved by its high percentage cell viability, while its in vivo safety was confirmed by the absence of any sign of toxicity or irritation after either a single dose or 14 days of daily dosing. Our ME could serve as a vehicle for enhanced ocular delivery of drugs with different physicochemical properties, including those with low permeability.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.