ReviewJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2021
Using the Ecological Systems Theory to Understand Black/White Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States.
Review in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retrospective Cohort Study on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cesarean Birth in a Midwifery-Integrated Health System.Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN · 2026Article
- Structural Racism, Geographies of Opportunity, and Maternal Health Inequities: A Dynamic Conceptual Framework.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Trajectory and determinants of family resilience in caregivers of preterm infants: A mixed-methods study.International journal of nursing sciences · 2025Article
- Barriers to Rural Midwifery: An Integrative Review.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Review
- Radical Healing Approaches For Black Maternal Health: A Critical Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- The status quo and influencing factors of intrinsic capacity among community-dwelling older adults from the perspective of Ecological Systems Theory: A cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Health Behavior and Attitudes During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Vulnerable and Underserved Latinx in the Southwest USA.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Article
- Influence of sociodemographic and obstetric factors on maternal mortality in Brazil from 2011 to 2021.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- The Social Ecology of Caregiving: Applying the Social-Ecological Model across the Life Course.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- A study on the effect of school and family environments and self-efficacy on health literacy of college students.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Developmental outcomes with perinatal exposure (DOPE) to prescription opioids.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Review
- Participation in Conditional Cash Transfer Program During Pregnancy and Birth Weight-Related Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Disparities in Neonatal Mortalities in the United States.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Community and Systems Contributors and Strategies to Reduce Racial Inequities in Maternal Health in the Deep South: Provider Perspectives.Health equity · 2023Article
- Implicit Bias Training in Health Professions Education: A Scoping Review.Medical science educator · 2022Article
- The role of doulas in respectful care for communities of color and Medicaid recipients.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2022Article
- The public health exposome and pregnancy-related mortality in the United States: a high-dimensional computational analysis.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Addressing Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Deaths: An Analysis of Maternal Mortality-Related Federal Legislation, 2017-2021.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2022Article
- Examining the Role of Psychosocial Influences on Black Maternal Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
- A Qualitative Analysis on Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Issues During COVID-19 Using a Reproductive Justice Framework.Ethnicity & disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Maternal morbidity and mortality (MMM) is a significant problem in the USA, with about 700 maternal deaths every year and an estimated 50,000 "near misses." Disparities in MMM by race are marked; black women are disproportionately affected. We use Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory to examine the root causes of racial disparities in MMM at the individual (microsystem), interpersonal (mesosystem), community (exosystem), and societal (macrosystem) levels of influence. This review discusses the interaction of these levels of influence on racial disparities related to MMM-covering preconception health, access to prenatal care, implicit bias among health care providers and its possible influence on obstetric care, "maternity care deserts," and the need for quality improvement among black-serving hospitals. Relevant policies-parental leave, Medicaid coverage during pregnancy, and Medicaid expansion-are considered. We also apply the ecological systems theory to identify interventions that would most likely reduce disparities in MMM by race, such as revising the educational curricula of health care professionals, enhancing utilization of alternate prenatal care providers, and reforming Medicaid policies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.