ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunopathology of and potential therapeutics for secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome: a translational perspective.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Monoclonal Antibody Gimsilumab for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Trial
- Modulation of immune responses by opioids through toll-like and P2X receptor signaling in COVID-19.Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- The inflammation-immunosuppression loop as a driver of immune dysfunction and secondary infections in severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis that improved after a COVID-19 infection: a case report.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Using virtual patient cohorts to uncover immune response differences in cancer and immunosuppressed COVID-19 patients.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Lung Immune Cell Niches and the Discovery of New Cell Subtypes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- [Advances on physiology and pathology of subpopulations of macrophages in the lung tissue].Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2024Review
- Development and validation of machine learning-based prediction model for severe pneumonia: A multicenter cohort study.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Review of COVID-19 Therapeutics by Mechanism: From Discovery to Approval.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Review
- Simple virus-free mouse models of COVID-19 pathologies and oral therapeutic intervention.iScience · 2024Article
- Emerging Treatment Approaches for COVID-19 Infection: A Critical Review.Current molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Epigenetic perspectives associated with COVID-19 infection and related cytokine storm: an updated review.Infection · 2023Review
- Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis That Improved after a COVID-19 Episode.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2023Article
- Review
- The immunogenetics of COVID-19.Immunogenetics · 2023Review
- Treatment with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Reduces Viral Titers in the Brains of West Nile Virus-Infected Mice and Improves Survival.Journal of virology · 2023Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 is a clinical syndrome ranging from mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that often leads to respiratory failure, need for mechanical ventilation, and death. Most of the lung damage is driven by a surge in inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor (GM-CSF)]. Blunting this hyperinflammation with immunomodulation may lead to clinical improvement. GM-CSF is produced by many cells, including macrophages and T-cells. GM-CSF-derived signals are involved in differentiation of macrophages, including alveolar macrophages (AMs). In animal models of respiratory infections, the intranasal administration of GM-CSF increased the proliferation of AMs and improved outcomes. Increased levels of GM-CSF have been recently described in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. While GM-CSF might be beneficial in some circumstances as an appropriate response, in this case the inflammatory response is maladaptive by virtue of being later and disproportionate. The inhibition of GM-CSF signaling may be beneficial in improving the hyperinflammation-related lung damage in the most severe cases of COVID-19. This blockade can be achieved through antagonism of the GM-CSF receptor or the direct binding of circulating GM-CSF. Initial findings from patients with COVID-19 treated with a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody binding GM-CSF receptor α, showed oxygenation improvement and shorter hospitalization. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are ongoing. Anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibodies, TJ003234 and gimsilumab, will be tested in clinical trials in patients with COVID-19, while lenzilumab received FDA approval for compassionate use. These trials will help inform whether blunting the inflammatory signaling provided by the GM-CSF axis in COVID-19 is beneficial.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.