ArticleBMJ open2020
Association between prescribed central nervous system depressant drugs, comorbidity and cognition among hospitalised older patients: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Medication Misuse and Dependence in Elderly Patients
Brief Intervention for Reducing Prolonged Use of Sleep Medication Among Elderly
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brief intervention for inappropriate z-hypnotics use in older adults: a before and after intervention study in primary care.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Trial
- A brief intervention to discontinue inappropriate z-hypnotics use by older patients in primary care: a randomised controlled trial.BMC primary care · 2026Trial
- Brief Intervention for Discontinuing Inappropriate Z-Hypnotic Use Among Older Patients in Primary Care: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial With a Single Crossover.JMIR research protocols · 2026Trial
- Effect of transverse thoracic muscle plane block on postoperative cognitive dysfunction after open cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Trial
- Effect of quadratus lumborum block on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy: a randomized controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2021Trial
- Comparative risk of psychiatric comorbidities associated with codeine and tramadol in patients with hip osteoarthritis: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Self-reported sleep disturbance and inappropriate z-hypnotic use among older adults in general practice.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2025Article
- The improvement path of depression and anxiety among adult women in Shanxi Province, China: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of central sensitization and somatization in adults with temporomandibular disorders-a prospective observational study.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2024Observational
- Observational
- Brief Intervention as a Method to Reduce Z-Hypnotic Use by Older Adults: Feasibility Case Series.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- The Prevalence of Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Medications and Its Relationship with Cognitive Status in Portuguese Institutionalized Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Observational
- "What should I do when I get home?" treatment plan discussion at discharge between specialist physicians and older in-patients: mixed method study.BMC health services research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesCentral nervous system depressants (CNSDs) such as opioids, benzodiazepine and Z-hypnotics are commonly used. However, CNSDs may influence cognitive function, especially in older hospitalised patients with comorbidities. The aim was to examine the association between CNSD use and cognitive function in older patients. We assessed global and domain specific cognitive function, among hospitalised older patients, including covariates for comorbidity, anxiety and depression.
designCross-sectional hospital-based study. SETTINGS: Data was collected consecutively from inpatients at somatic wards of a general university hospital.
participantsOlder patients between 65 and 90 years with/without CNSD use for ≥4 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome was cognitive function assessed by Cognistat. Secondary outcomes were routine clinical tests in the wards (mini-mental state examination (MMSE), trail making test (TMT) A and B, and clock drawing tests). Analyses were bivariate and multiple linear regression, adjusted for age, gender, and education. Covariates were comorbidity, depression and anxiety scores.
resultsThe main result indicated that CNSD users (n=100) had (β=-3.4, 95% CI 6.27 to -0.58, p=0.017) lower Cognistat score than non-users (n=146), adjusted for age, gender, education, anxiety and depression, but not significant when including covariate for comorbidity (β= -2.50 - 5.45; -0.46, p=0.097). Comorbidity was associated with cognitive function (β=-0.77, 95% CI -1.22 to -0.14, p=0.014). Cognistat subdimensions associated with CNSD use were language (p=0.017) and calculation (p=0.003). In clock drawing test, users had lower scores than non-users (β=-0.80, 95% CI 1.24 to -0.36, p=0.004), but no significant difference was found with MMSE and TMT A or B. Z-hypnotics were associated with reduced cognitive function.
conclusionAmong older hospitalised patients, global cognition and specific cognitive functions were associated with long-term use of CNSD medication as well as with somatic comorbidity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03162081, 22 May 2017.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.