ArticlePloS one2020
Race or racial segregation? Modification of the PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality association.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- CVD Environmental Health Disparities Tool: systematic evidence mapping of psychosocial stressors, environmental exposures, and cardiovascular diseases to inform disparities research and action.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Review
- Association between spatial social polarisation and high blood pressure in older adults.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Residential Segregation and Lung Cancer Risk in African American Adults.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Causal Concentration-Response Modeling with Continuous Curves and Exposure Error Correction:Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Short-term ambient PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Segregation in hospital care for Medicare beneficiaries by race and ethnicity and dual-eligible status from 2013 to 2021.Health services research · 2025Article
- Measuring Spatial Social Polarization in Public Health Research: A Scoping Review of Methods and Applications.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Racial Composition of Social Environments Over the Life Course Using the Pictorial Racial Composition Measure: Development and Validation Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Health impact assessment of PM2.5 from uncovered coal trains in the San Francisco Bay Area: Implications for global exposures.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Effects of residential socioeconomic polarization on high blood pressure among nursing home residents.Health & place · 2024Article
- Current approaches to measuring local racial and ethnic residential segregation in population health studies.Current epidemiology reports · 2024Article
- Evaluating Race in Air Pollution and Health Research: Race, PMCurrent environmental health reports · 2023Review
- Long-term air pollution exposure and diabetes risk in American older adults: A national secondary data-based cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2023Article
- Associations of Prenatal Chemical and Nonchemical Stressors with Early-Adulthood Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Particulate Air Pollution Exposure and Stroke among Adults in Israel.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Unequal airborne exposure to toxic metals associated with race, ethnicity, and segregation in the USA.Nature communications · 2022Article
- The long shadow of residential racial segregation: Associations between childhood residential segregation trajectories and young adult health among Black US Americans.Health & place · 2022Article
- Association between particulate matter air pollution and heart attacks in San Diego County.Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995) · 2021Article
- The effect of prenatal temperature and PMEnvironment international · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany studies have identified an inequitable distribution of exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 microns) by race. We investigated the association of PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality considering both the decedents' race and neighborhood racial composition as potential modifiers.
methodsWe obtained geocoded cardiovascular mortality records of all black and white decedents from urban block-groups in Massachusetts between 2001 and 2011 (n = 130,863). We examined the association between PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality, and assessed effect modification by three types of racial modifiers: decedents' race, census block-group percent black and white, and two novel measures of racial segregation. The Racial Residential Segregation (RRS) quantifies the concentration of non-Hispanic blacks and whites in each block-group. The Index of Racial Dissimilarity measures dissimilarity in non-Hispanic black and white racial distribution between the smaller census block-group and larger tract.
resultsWe found a 2.35%(95%CI: 0.92%;3.79%) increase in mortality for each 10μg/m3 increase in two-day average exposure to PM2.5. The effect was modified by the block-group racial composition, with higher risks in block-groups with the highest percentage of black residents (interaction p-value = 0.04), and in block-groups with the lowest RRS (i.e. higher black to white resident ratio, interaction p-value = 0.072). Racial dissimilarity did not modify the associations.
conclusionCurrent levels of PM2.5 are associated with increased cardiovascular deaths in Massachusetts, with different risks between areas with different racial composition and segregation. This suggests that pollution reductions in neighborhoods with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic blacks would be most beneficial in reducing cardiovascular mortality and disparities.
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