ArticleJournal of Parkinson's disease2020
High IQ in Early Adulthood Is Associated with Parkinson's Disease.
Article in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Investigating the impact of body weight changes and blood lipids on risk for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a prospective cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- AI literacy predicts computational thinking through multidimensional interactions among Chinese high school students.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Multilevel multiverse meta-analysis indicates lower IQ as a risk factor for physical and mental illness.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Parkinson's disease among adults aged 45 years and older in China: a cross-sectional study based on the China health and retirement longitudinal study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Impact of genetic predisposition to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases on early life outcomes and brain structure.Translational psychiatry · 2024Review
- Role of the Exposome in Neurodegenerative Disease: Recent Insights and Future Directions.Annals of neurology · 2024Review
- The causal effects of intelligence and fluid intelligence on Parkinson's disease: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- Temporal trend of mortality due to Parkinson's disease in older people in Brazil, 2002-2021.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2024Article
- Article
- Effect Modification between Genes and Environment and Parkinson's Disease Risk.Annals of neurology · 2022Review
- Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson's disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- High intelligence may exacerbate paediatric inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Medical hypotheses · 2021Article
- Writers Are Common among Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Longitudinal Study.Behavioural neurology · 2021Article
- Decreased Risk of Parkinson's Disease After Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis: A Nested Case-Control Study with Matched Cases and Controls.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigh education level and high occupational complexity have been implicated as risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD).
objectiveThe objective was to determine whether cognitive capacity, measured as IQ, in early adulthood is associated with the subsequent development of PD.
methodData on IQ were retrieved from the Swedish Military Service Conscription Registry, comprising Swedish males who enlisted for military service in the period 1968-1993 (N = 1,319,235). After exclusion, 1,189,134 subjects in total were included in the present study. Individuals who later developed PD (N = 1,724) were identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register.
resultsHigh education level was associated with PD. High IQ was associated with PD (p < 0.0001), both when analyzed as a continuous variable and when divided into three categories. The hazard ratio for the high IQ category compared to the low IQ category was 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.17-1.55). Strong test results on the subtests, measuring verbal, logic, visuospatial and technical abilities, were also associated with PD. In a subgroup, smoking was inversely associated with PD, as well as with IQ.
conclusionsThis study identifies high IQ to be a risk factor for PD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.