ReviewEMBO molecular medicine2020
Hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and beyond.
Review in EMBO molecular medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 182 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enhancing radiation sensitivity in malignant brain tumors with chloroquine: a systematic review.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Pooled it
- A multianalyte assay panel with cell-bound complement activation products demonstrates clinical utility in systemic lupus erythematosus.Lupus science & medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Structural Control of Stromal-Immune Coupling by COL24A1 Underlies Pregnancy Maintenance.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Review
- Phloretin Modulates STING Ubiquitination Degradation to Restrain Dendritic Cell Overactivation and Alleviate Sjögren's Syndrome.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Metabolic exhaustion and immune ageing in rheumatoid arthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Hydroxychloroquine-associated cardiomyopathy with nondiagnostic noninvasive evaluation: diagnostic value of endomyocardial biopsy in a case-based review.Rheumatology international · 2026Review
- Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: a comprehensive clinical review of maternal, fetal, and treatment considerations.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2026Review
- Emerging perspectives in proteostasis: bridging mechanisms and therapeutics for human diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Cytosolic CaPlanta · 2026Article
- GPIHBP1 Autoantibody-Related Hypertriglyceridemia in Children: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of Pediatric Cases From the Literature.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2026Review
- Calcium Disorders in Rheumatic Diseases: An Overlooked Problem With Major Clinical Implications.Cureus · 2026Review
- Progression of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy after drug cessation.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Observational
- Article
- Contrast Sensitivity and Colour Vision Tests for Early Detection and Monitoring of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Use of hydroxychloroquine to treat patients with IgA nephropathy and time to accelerated glucocorticoid tapering.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Lymphocyte signal transduction defects in cutaneous sarcoidosis and implications for treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Determinants of Baseline Ophthalmic Screening and Its Association with Long-Term Treatment Persistence in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases Initiating Hydroxychloroquine: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- Evolution of therapy for autoimmune diseases in pregnancy: a retrospective study from 2000 to 2023.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Initially used as antimalarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and, to a lesser extent, chloroquine (CQ) are currently being used to treat several diseases. Due to its cost-effectiveness, safety and efficacy, HCQ is especially used in rheumatic autoimmune disorders (RADs), such as systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite this widespread use in the clinic, HCQ molecular modes of action are still not completely understood. By influencing several cellular pathways through different mechanisms, CQ and HCQ inhibit multiple endolysosomal functions, including autophagy, as well as endosomal Toll-like receptor activation and calcium signalling. These effects alter several aspects of the immune system with the synergistic consequence of reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and release, one of the most marked symptoms of RADs. Here, we review the current knowledge on the molecular modes of action of these drugs and the circumstances under which they trigger side effects. This is of particular importance as the therapeutic use of HCQ is expanding beyond the treatment of malaria and RADs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.