ReviewFrontiers in oncology2020
The Contribution of Race to Breast Tumor Microenvironment Composition and Disease Progression.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Racial disparities in breast cancer: looking beyond the recurrence score.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Population-Associated Molecular Variation in Histologically Normal Breast Tissue Is Associated with Distinct Baseline Transcriptional States.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Disparities in Patients with Choroidal Melanoma between Black and Hispanic versus Non-Hispanic White Patients.Ocular oncology and pathology · 2026Article
- CARE Framework for Inclusive Clinical Studies: An Evidence-Based Approach for and Measurement of Recruitment and Retention of Black Women in Breast Cancer Research.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2026Review
- Article
- Racial Disparity in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Risk-Predictive and Actionable Biomarkers for Early Intervention.Cancers · 2026Review
- Topology-Based Biomarkers Accurately Predict Breast Cancer Outcome and Survival.Cancer research · 2026Article
- Breast cancer inequities: the intersectional role of social epidemiology and tumor biology.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Review
- Survival Disparities in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer.JCO oncology practice · 2026Article
- Racial disparity in pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment in treatment naïve breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Article
- Use and Benefit of Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Node-Negative, T1 Triple Negative Breast Cancer.Clinical breast cancer · 2025Article
- Targeting racial disparities in breast cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of African medicinal plants.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Population-specific patterns in assessing molecular subtypes of young black females with triple-negative breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Pilot study: Initial investigation suggests differences in EMT-associated gene expression in breast tumor regions.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Single-nuclei sequencing of uterine serous carcinoma reveals racial differences in immune signaling.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Associations between quantitative measures of mammographic density and terminal ductal lobular unit involution in Chinese breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Spatial N-glycomics of the normal breast microenvironment reveals fucosylated and high-mannose N-glycan signatures related to BI-RADS density and ancestry.Glycobiology · 2024Article
- Biological Basis of Breast Cancer-Related Disparities in Precision Oncology Era.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women following skin cancer. Despite overall decrease in breast cancer mortality due to advances in treatment and earlier screening, black patients continue to have 40% higher risk of breast cancer related death compared to white patients. This disparity in outcome persists even when controlled for access to care and stage at presentation and has been attributed to differences in tumor subtypes or gene expression profiles. There is emerging evidence that the tumor microenvironment (TME) may contribute to the racial disparities in outcome as well. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of current literature available regarding race-dependent differences in the TME. Notably, black patients tend to have a higher density of pro-tumorigenic immune cells (e.g., M2 macrophages, regulatory T cells) and microvasculature. Although immune cells are classically thought to be anti-tumorigenic, increase in M2 macrophages and angiogenesis may lead to a paradoxical increase in metastasis by forming doorways of tumor cell intravasation called tumor microenvironment of metastasis (TMEM). Furthermore, black patients also have higher serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, which provide a positive feedback loop in creating a pro-metastatic TME. Lastly, we propose that the higher density of immune cells and angiogenesis observed in the TME of black patients may be a result of evolutionary selection for a more robust immune response in patients of African geographic ancestry. Better understanding of race-dependent differences in the TME will aid in overcoming the racial disparity in breast cancer mortality.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.