ArticlePreventive medicine reports2020
Locations of licensed and unlicensed cannabis retailers in California: A threat to health equity?
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cannabis retailers' marketing practices and compliance with state regulations: a 2025 point-of-sale audit in 5 U.S. cities.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Cannabis dispensary exposure and smoked, vaped and edible cannabis use among young adults: Comparison of web-scraped and government-maintained registries.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Associations between modes of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: Evidence from the 2022 to 2023 United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Disadvantage and Adolescent Substance Use: Differences by Urbanicity and Substance Type.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- Exploring the Influence of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Women's Perceptions and Experiences with Perinatal Cannabis Use: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Review
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Suicide Mortality Among Youth Aged 12-25 Years Following Medical and Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Unequal access: cross-sectional associations of deprivation, racial composition and independent and joint cannabis and alcohol outlet densities among Michigan census block groups.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Use of Google Street View to Visually Verify the Locations of Cannabis Retailers in the United States Extracted from Websites, 2015-2018.Applied spatial analysis and policy · 2026Article
- Profiles of cannabis use and expense-related factors among US young adults.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- Regular cannabis use and promotive attitudes among diverse adolescents in the United States: The role of age and intersecting social positions.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Interactive associations of cannabis and alcohol outlet densities with assault injuries in California: a spatiotemporal analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Unequal Geography of Recreational Cannabis Retailers in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Disparities in use modalities among adults who currently use cannabis, 2022-2023.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Cannabis Dispensary Density, Proximity, and Attitudes Toward Medical Cannabis: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Perceived Neighborhood Environment on Cannabis Use during Pregnancy among African American Women.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring the association between neighborhood disadvantage and cannabis retail density: A multi-measure analysis.Health & place · 2025Article
- Association of Perceived Neighborhood Disorder with Substance Use Behaviors and Retail Access Among Southern California Adolescents.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Developing a Mock Retail Cannabis Shop for Research: A Description of The CANNEX.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2025Article
- Neighborhood demographics in relation to marketing and regulation-related factors among cannabis retailers in 5 US cities.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Products and patterns through which adolescents, young adults, and adults initiate co-use of tobacco and cannabis.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study examined whether unlicensed and licensed cannabis retailers in California are disproportionately located in neighborhoods with minority populations or populations living below the Federal Poverty Level. We mapped the locations of licensed and unlicensed cannabis retailers in California in October 2018, combining advertisements from cannabis websites with licensing data. Demographic characteristics of neighborhoods with and without licensed and/or unlicensed cannabis retailers were compared. We identified 1110 cannabis retailers in California (448 licensed and 662 unlicensed). Relative to neighborhoods without retailers, neighborhoods with retailers had higher proportions of Hispanics, African Americans, and residents living below the poverty level. Compared with neighborhoods with only licensed retailers, neighborhoods with only unlicensed retailers had higher proportions of Hispanics and African Americans, and lower proportions of non-Hispanic whites. Neighborhoods with both licensed and unlicensed retailers had higher proportions of African Americans, Asian Americans, and people living in poverty, relative to neighborhoods with only licensed retailers. Unlicensed retailers were disproportionately located in unincorporated areas and jurisdictions that allow cannabis retailers. Minority populations in California are disproportionately exposed to unlicensed cannabis retailers, potentially exacerbating health disparities by selling unregulated products or selling to minors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.