ArticlePediatric research2021
Odor identification performance in children aged 3-6 years.
Article in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-Related Variation in Odor Identification Performance in Children Assessed with the Brief Smell Identification Test.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Asymptomatic Children With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.Cureus · 2025Article
- Concordance of Anosmia Between Household Members Affected by COVID-19 Infection.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
- The impact of highly effective modulator therapy on sinusitis and dysosmia in young children with cystic fibrosis: a prospective study protocol.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- The use of a scented face mask in pediatric patients may facilitate mask acceptance before anesthesia induction.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Olfactory Evaluation in Clinical Medical Practice.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Odor Identification Ability as a Mediator of Schizotypal Traits and Odor Hedonic Capacity in Non-Clinical Children and Adolescents.Brain sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile valid and reliable olfactory tests have been developed for children aged >5 years, olfactory testing has not systematically been evaluated in younger children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the "U-Sniff" odor identification test in children aged 3-6 years.
methodsWe included 160 healthy children (age range 3-6 years) and 14 congenitally anosmic children. Participants were investigated in two identical sessions. The "U-Sniff" test was used to evaluate olfactory function. A picture identification test (PIT) and the Kasel-Concentration-Task (KKA) were administered to identify factors influencing odor identification performance.
resultsAge significantly influenced odor identification performance, with older children achieving higher scores. PIT and KKA scores correlated positively with odor identification scores. The "U-Sniff" test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r
conclusionsThe "U-Sniff" test is feasible for children starting at age 3 years. In children aged ≥4 years, it is a reliable and valid method to distinguish between normal olfactory function and anosmia. IMPACT: Olfactory testing is reliable and valid starting at an age of 4 years. The study adds a systematic evaluation of olfactory testing in young children. Results of this study are especially interesting for clinicians in the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction.
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Registered trials
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