ReviewEye (London, England)2021
Functional imaging of mitochondria in retinal diseases using flavoprotein fluorescence.
Review in Eye (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative Flavoprotein Fluorescence Parameters in Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Oxygen Consumption and Systemic Bioenergetics in Glaucoma Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial ROS in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Thresholds, Quality Control Failure, and Precision Therapeutic Windows.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Detailed Outer Retinal Assessment in Parkinson's Disease Using Directional OCT.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Optic Disc Flavoprotein Fluorescence Imaging as a Novel Method to Quantify Disease Burden in Optic Disc Drusen.American journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- A Phase I Randomized Trial of Topical Insulin for Glaucoma: Safety and Efficacy Outcomes.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Retinal neurovascular and mitochondrial function signatures related to cognition improvement following yoga exercise in older adults.PloS one · 2026Article
- Correlation of Mitochondrial Flavoprotein Fluorescence and Sectoral OCT in Patients with Glaucoma, Suspects, and Ocular Hypertension.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Mild RPE65-Associated Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: A Multimodal Clinical and Genetic Evaluation.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Characterizing Retinal Mitochondrial Function and Its Relations to Intraretinal Thicknesses in Healthy Adults.Current eye research · 2025Article
- Flavoprotein Fluorescence Imaging in Stargardt Disease: Linking Metabolic Stress to Structural Damage.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Hallmarks of aging in age-related macular degeneration and age-related neurological disorders: novel insights into common mechanisms and clinical relevance.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Preclinical Retinal Disease Models: Applications in Drug Development and Translational Research.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy adds the retina to cortical pathology for visual dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- In vivo imaging of mitochondrial function in normal, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes.PloS one · 2025Observational
- From Cellular to Metabolic: Advances in Imaging of Inherited Retinal Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Relaxation of mitochondrial hyperfusion in the diabetic retina via N6-furfuryladenosine confers neuroprotection regardless of glycaemic status.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Construction of an Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecular Network Using Multi-Layer Network Analysis, a Fuzzy Logic Model, and Deep Learning Techniques: Are Retinal and Brain Neurodegenerative Disorders Related?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Optic Nerve Injury Enhanced Mitochondrial Fission and Increased Mitochondrial Density without Altering the Uniform Mitochondrial Distribution in the Unmyelinated Axons of Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Flavoprotein fluorescence elevation is a marker of mitochondrial oxidative stress in patients with retinal disease.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cellular energy production and homeostasis. Oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction are integral components of the pathophysiology of retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Within mitochondria, flavoproteins are oxidized and reduced and emit a green autofluorescence when oxidized following blue light excitation. Recently, a noninvasive imaging device was developed to measure retinal flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF). Thus, oxidized FPF can act as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction. This review article describes the literature surrounding mitochondrial FPF imaging in retinal disease. The authors describe the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal diseases, experiments using FPF as a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, the three generations of retinal FPF imaging devices, and the peer-reviewed publications that have examined FPF imaging in patients. Finally, the authors report their own study findings. Goals were to establish normative reference levels for FPF intensity and heterogeneity in healthy eyes, to compare between healthy eyes and eyes with diabetes and DR, and to compare across stages of DR. The authors present methods to calculate a patient's expected FPF values using baseline characteristics. FPF intensity and heterogeneity were elevated in diabetic eyes compared to age-matched control eyes, and in proliferative DR compared to diabetic eyes without retinopathy. In diabetic eyes, higher FPF heterogeneity was associated with poorer visual acuity. In conclusion, while current retinal imaging modalities frequently focus on structural features, functional mitochondrial imaging shows promise as a metabolically targeted tool to evaluate retinal disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.