ReviewBiomedicines2020
Sex and Gender Influences on Cancer Immunotherapy Response.
Review in Biomedicines, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- The correlation between the influencing factors and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: an umbrella meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Association of Personal Characteristics and Effectiveness of Immunotherapy in Late-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2022Pooled it
- Association Between Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Sex: An Updated Meta-Analysis on 21 Trials and 12,675 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis and therapy using sex and gender as precision biomarkers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- A comprehensive review of sex differences in the clinical outcomes to immunotherapy on solid tumors.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Metachronous primary non-small cell lung cancer and mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the left kidney: A case report.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Radiation as an immune modulator: mechanisms and implications for combination with immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Effect of sex differences on the emergence of ctDNA RAS mutations in RAS wild-type colorectal cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex and gender differences in cancer pathogenesis and pharmacology.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Sex-related differences in the efficacy and toxicity of cancer treatments.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Real-World Outcomes of Pembrolizumab in Advanced Melanoma by Age and Sex: A National Population-Based Study.Targeted oncology · 2025Article
- Risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity: a scoping review.The oncologist · 2025Article
- Retrospective analysis of pembrolizumab-related adverse reactions and death outcomes based on the FAERS database.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- An improved experimental model of osteosarcoma lung metastases to investigate innovative therapeutic interventions and sex as a biological variable.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Practice Patterns and Survival Outcomes of Immunotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Androgen Receptor Inhibition Increases MHC Class I Expression and Improves Immune Response in Prostate Cancer.Cancer discovery · 2025Article
- Sex bias in tumor immunity: insights from immune cells.Theranostics · 2025Review
- The Benefits and Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Review
- Comparison of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study with 3-year survival analysis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global burden of cancer is growing and a wide disparity in the incidence, malignancy and mortality of different types of cancer between each sex has been demonstrated. The sex specificity of cancer appears to be a relevant issue in the management of the disease, and studies investigating the role of sex and gender are becoming extremely urgent. Sex hormones are presumably the leading actors of sex differences in cancer, especially estrogens. They modulate gene expression, alter molecules and generate disparities in effectiveness and side effects of anticancer therapies. Recently immunotherapy aims to improve anticancer treatment strategies reducing off-target effects of chemotherapy and direct cancer cells killing. It is recognized as a fruitful strategy to treat and possible to cure cancer. Immunotherapeutic agents are used to activate or boost the activation of the immune system to fight cancer cells through physiological mechanisms often evaded in the offensive march of the disease. These therapeutic strategies have allowed new successes, but also have serious adverse effects including non-specific inflammation and autoimmunity. Sex and gender issues are of primary importance in this field, due to their recognized role in inflammation, immunity and cancer, and the clarification and understanding of these aspects is a necessary step to increase the responses and to diminish the adverse effects of immunotherapy. This review describes the available knowledge on the role of sex and gender in cancer immunotherapy, and will offer insights to stimulate the attention and practice of clinicians and researchers in a gender perspective of new cancer treatment strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.