ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2020
Gender bias in hospitalization financing from borrowings, selling of assets, contribution from relatives or friends in India.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitively healthy life expectancy of older women and men in India.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- Gender-based discrimination towards cisgender women in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of definitions and measures used in the health literature.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Spatial Heterogeneity in Women's Financial Inclusion in India: An application of small area estimation.PloS one · 2026Article
- Bridging the gap between health insurance eligibility and uptake: A multistate quantitative analysis of entitlement-based verification patterns under India's PM-JAY Scheme.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Distress financing on inpatient health expenditure across States in India.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Determinants of distress financing for healthcare service utilization: a convergent mixed-method study at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.Health policy and planning · 2025Article
- Gender bias in health financing methods: metrics and data.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Burden of undiagnosed depression among older adults in India: a population based study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- A step closer towards achieving universal health coverage: the role of gender in enrolment in health insurance in India.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Association of greenness with COVID-19 deaths in India: An ecological study at district level.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Epidemiological Context and Risk Factors Associated with the Evolution of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Retrospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Distress financing in coping with out-of-pocket expenditure for maternity care in India.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Sex differences in COVID-19 case fatality: do we know enough?The Lancet. Global health · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStudies from India have documented gender differentials in hospitalization financing. Much of this work focused either on children or adults, but not across age-groups. No research to date has focused on gender differentials in case of catastrophic hospitalization expenditures. This study assesses gender differentials in distressed financing (borrowing, selling of assets, contributions from relatives or friends) for hospitalization in cases of catastrophic expenditures for hospitalization in India, for young, adult and older adult patients.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of India's 2017-18 National Sample Survey, which collected data on hospitalization and expenditures. We used multivariable probit regression and adjusted marginal effects to assess the associations between gender and the use of distressed financing for catastrophic hospitalization expenditures. Models were stratified by age, and run both with and without sample selection. Secondary analyses assessed gender differentials in the use of distressed financing for hospitalization in case of health insurance cover or not.
resultsMultivariable sample selection-adjusted probit regression shows that in households which incurred severe catastrophic hospitalization expenditures, the probability of using distressed financing for hospitalization of young or older females was 10% points lower than their male counterparts. In households which did not incur severe catastrophic hospitalization expenditures, there was no significant gender differential in use of distressed financing for hospitalization for any age group. In households which incurred severe catastrophic hospitalization expenditures, the probability of using distressed financing for hospitalization was lower for older females than for older males irrespective of health insurance cover.
conclusionThere appears to be a clear gender discrimination in distressed financing of hospitalization costs among younger and older individuals in households that incurred severe catastrophic hospitalization expenditures in India. Health systems should consider how to otherwise support necessary hospitalization financing for girls and older women.
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