ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2020
Human gender development.
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an Endo-ERN clinical practice guideline.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Guideline
- Gender Identity and Preferences in Children with Variations in Sex DevelopmentJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2026Article
- Representative scale-invariant characteristics of male and female brains in magnetic resonance images.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Females With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Using twin data to examine heritable and intrauterine hormonal influences on transgender and gender diverse identities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mental Health Issues Associated With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Autistic Characteristics in a Nationally Representative Clinical Sample of Adolescents Seeking Medical Gender-Affirming Treatment in Norway.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Analysis of the current situation of college students' achievement motivation and influencing factors-an empirical analysis based on a college in Shandong Province.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Recommendations for 46,XY Disorders/Differences of Sex Development Across Two Decades: Insights from North American Pediatric Endocrinologists and Urologists.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Network analysis of comorbid aggressive behavior and testosterone among bipolar disorder patients: a cross-sectional study.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Article
- Recommendations for 46,XX Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Across Two Decades: Insights from the North American Differences of Sex Development Clinician Survey.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Sexual Orientation Affects Neural Responses to Subtle Social Aggression Signals.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Differences/Disorders of Sex Development: Medical Conditions at the Intersection of Sex and Gender.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2022Review
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia-Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management.Endocrine reviews · 2022Review
- Digit ratio, a proposed marker of the prenatal hormone environment, is not associated with prenatal sex steroids, anogenital distance, or gender-typed play behavior in preschool age children.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Human gender-related behavior/psychology is shaped by a developmental system that involves numerous influences interacting over time. Understanding of the full range of elements in the system and how they interact is currently incomplete. The available evidence suggests, however, that early exposure to testosterone, postnatal socialization, e.g., by parents and peers, and self-socialization related to cognitive understanding of gender are important elements. This article focuses on prenatal and early neonatal influences of testosterone on gender-related psychological/behavioral outcomes, and contextualizes these hormonal influences within an understanding of socialization influences. There is consistent evidence that early testosterone exposure influences childhood gender role behavior, including sex-typical toy play, as well as gender identity and sexual orientation. Evidence for similar hormonal influences on spatial ability and on traits related to autism, or autistic spectrum disorder, is inconsistent. Evidence from girls exposed to elevated testosterone prenatally suggests that they experience alterations in processes of external socialization, as well as self-socialization, and that these, along with early testosterone exposure, shape gender-related outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.