ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences
Influence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in comparison to conventional cigarette on color stability of dental restorative materials.
Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of tobacco and nicotine in causing staining of dental hard tissues and dental materials: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2023Pooled it
- The in vitro effect of electronic versus conventional cigarettes on color stability and surface roughness of dental resin composites.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparative effects of conventional and electronic cigarettes on discoloration and surface roughness of gingiva-colored dental materials.Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists · 2025Article
- Development of a smoking simulation machine to evaluate the effects of smoking on the color change of dental restorative materials.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Influence of electronic cigarette vapour on theBiomaterial investigations in dentistry · 2025Article
- The Impact of E-Cigarettes on Oral Health-A Narrative Review.Dentistry journal · 2024Review
- Effect of conventional cigarette smoking and recent heated tobacco products on CAD/CAM restorative materials.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Impact of smoking on resin bonded restorations: A narrative review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Review
- Smoke and mirrors - does smoking cause discolouration of composite restorations?Evidence-based dentistry · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Effect of Electronic Cigarette Devices/Vape on the Color of Dental Ceramics: An In Vitro Investigation.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) is increasing rapidly. However, its discoloring effect on dental restorations is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ENDS aerosol when compared to conventional cigarette smoke (CS) on the color stability of dental ceramic (DC) and resin composite (RC).
methodsThis research project was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019. In this study 30 discs each for DC and RC materials were fabricated to be equally divided into groups of exposure to CS, ENDS aerosol and storage in distilled water (No smoke; NS) respectively (n=10). Specimens were exposed for a total of 7 days, with a rate of 10 cycles per day, each cycle represented 10 puffs. The color change was assessed using the CIELAB color space, by calculating ΔE. Data was analysed using ANOVA and multiple comparisons test.
resultsCeramic specimens in CS (2.422 ± 0.771) and ENDS (2.396 ± 0.396) groups showed comparable ΔE (color change) (p=0.992). Similarly, composite specimens in CS (42.871 ± 2.442) and ENDS (46.866 ± 3.64) groups showed comparable ΔE (p>0.05). NS specimens in both composite and ceramic samples showed lower ΔE than CS and ENDS specimens respectively.
conclusionsAerosol from Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) showed similar discoloration levels as cigarette smoking (CS). The level of discoloration for ceramic samples for both ENDS and CS was below clinically perceptible levels (Mean ΔE < 2.5). Discoloration of composite resin due to CS and ENDS was visually perceptible (Mean ΔE > 4.0).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.