ReviewThe British journal of ophthalmology2021
Photophobia: shared pathophysiology underlying dry eye disease, migraine and traumatic brain injury leading to central neuroplasticity of the trigeminothalamic pathway.
Review in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Ocular Signature of TBI: A Narrative Review of Structural Changes and Potential Candidate Biomarkers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Dark Side of Light: Spectral Variation in Post-Traumatic Photosensitivity and Its Functional Sequelae.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Visual symptom burden after traumatic brain injury: a case-control evaluation of the Arabic BIVSS.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Increased Risk of Injury in Patients with Fabry Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Heightened visual light sensitivity discomfort measured by the ocular photosensitivity analyzer is associated with chronic ocular pain.The ocular surface · 2025Article
- Light discomfort thresholds under different lighting conditions in healthy subjects and dry eye patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of botulinum toxin type A on ocular pain with neuropathic features.The ocular surface · 2025Article
- Abnormal visual cortex activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging in treatment resistant photophobia in Friedreich Ataxia.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2024Article
- Gender-different effect of Src family kinases antagonism on photophobia and trigeminal ganglion activity.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Article
- Trigeminal Sensitization in a Closed Head Model for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2024Article
- FL-41 Tint Reduces Activation of Neural Pathways of Photophobia in Patients with Chronic Ocular Pain.American journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Association of mild traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other comorbidities on photosensitivity.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2024Article
- Vision as a piece of the head trauma puzzle.Eye (London, England) · 2023Review
- Clinical Neuroimaging of Photophobia in Individuals With Chronic Ocular Surface Pain.American journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Botulinum toxin A decreases neural activity in pain-related brain regions in individuals with chronic ocular pain and photophobia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Connection between right-to-left shunt and photosensitivity: a community-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Photophobia in headache disorders: characteristics and potential mechanisms.Journal of neurology · 2022Review
- Neuropathic ocular surface pain: Emerging drug targets and therapeutic implications.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2022Review
- Changes of Subjective Symptoms and Tear Film Biomarkers following Femto-LASIK.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPhotophobia is a potentially debilitating symptom often found in dry eye disease (DE), migraine and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
methodsWe conducted a review of the literature via a PubMed search of English language articles with a focus on how photophobia may relate to a shared pathophysiology across DE, migraine and TBI.
resultsDE, migraine and TBI are common conditions in the general population, are often comorbid, and share photophobia as a symptom. Across the three conditions, neural dysregulation of peripheral and central nervous system components is implicated in photophobia in various animal models and in humans. Enhanced activity of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is closely linked to photophobia. Current therapies for photophobia include glasses which shield the eyes from specific wavelengths, botulinum toxin, and inhibition of CGRP and its receptor. Many individuals have persistent photophobia despite the use of these therapies, and thus, development of new therapies is needed.
conclusionsThe presence of photophobia in DE, migraine and TBI suggests shared trigeminothalamic pathophysiologic mechanisms, as explained by central neuroplasticity and hypersensitivity mediated by neuropeptide CGRP. Treatment strategies which target neural pathways (ie, oral neuromodulators, transcutaneous nerve stimulation) should be considered in patients with persistent photophobia, specifically in individuals with DE whose symptoms are not controlled with traditional therapies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.