SynthesisDevelopment and psychopathology2021
Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders - a systematic review of twin and sibling studies.
Synthesis in Development and psychopathology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Role of Iron and Zinc in the Treatment of ADHD among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- The neurodevelopmental spectrum: phenotypic architecture, etiology, predictive utility, and specificity across development.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Mothers' Ideas About Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Differences Over Time and by Household Experience with ASD.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Converging etiopathogenetic pathways and early prevention opportunities for autism and neurodevelopmental disorders in the first 1000 days of life: a brief narrative review.Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2026Review
- Association of cumulative early medical events and neurodevelopmental conditions through a common latent factor-A population-based twin study.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Maternal and neonatal cytokine profiles in a twin cohort: evidence from an exploratory pilot study of perinatal immune dysregulation in autism.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental comorbidities in juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Correction: Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Review
- Autistic Traits and Cognitive Flexibility in Adolescents With Epilepsy: A Comparative Study of Patients, Siblings, and Controls.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Prenatal antiseizure drug exposure and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children: population based cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Article
- Interconnected Developmental Trajectories of the Brain, Gut, and Sleep in Early Life: The First 1000 Days of Nutritional Opportunity.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Cumulative environmental exposures adversely impact social behaviour and are associated with dysregulation of genes and proteins involved in epigenetic, ribosomal, and immune regulation in male mice.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Longitudinal metabolome profiling from pregnancy through childhood and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders at age 10.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Profiling Chinese children with symptoms of SpLD, ADHD, or ASD: a transdiagnostic and biopsychosocial study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Forceps, Vacuum, and Second-Stage Cesarean Delivery.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Article
- A rat Satb1 truncation causes neurodevelopmental abnormalities recapitulating the symptoms of patients with SATB1 mutations.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to adverse life events and autism and autistic-like traits in children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).JCPP advances · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are highly heritable, several environmental risk factors have also been suggested. However, the role of familial confounding is unclear. To shed more light on this, we reviewed the evidence from twin and sibling studies. A systematic review was performed on case control and cohort studies including a twin or sibling within-pair comparison of neurodevelopmental outcomes, with environmental exposures until the sixth birthday. From 7,315 screened abstracts, 140 eligible articles were identified. After adjustment for familial confounding advanced paternal age, low birth weight, birth defects, and perinatal hypoxia and respiratory stress were associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and low birth weight, gestational age and family income were associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), categorically and dimensionally. Several previously suspected factors, including pregnancy-related factors, were deemed due to familial confounding. Most studies were conducted in North America and Scandinavia, pointing to a global research bias. Moreover, most studies focused on ASD and ADHD. This genetically informed review showed evidence for a range of environmental factors of potential casual significance in NDDs, but also points to a critical need of more genetically informed studies of good quality in the quest of the environmental causes of NDDs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.