Observational studyJournal of general internal medicine2020
Identifying Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Interhospital Transfer: an Observational Study.
Observational study in Journal of general internal medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- PARTNER: A qualitative study on academic and community hospitals partnerships to optimize outbound patient transfers and capacity.Journal of hospital medicine · 2026Article
- Emergency department and inpatient interhospital transfers for patients with status epilepticus.Epilepsia · 2025Article
- Interhospital transfer among US veterans admitted to community and veterans affairs hospitals for acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of hospital medicine · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic disparities in emergency department transfers to public hospitals.Health services research · 2024Article
- Interfacility Transfer Outcomes Among Children With Complex Chronic Conditions: Associations Between Patient-Level and Hospital-Level Factors and Transfer Outcomes.Hospital pediatrics · 2024Article
- Patient and Hospital Characteristics Associated With the Interhospital Transfer of Adult Patients With Sepsis.Critical care explorations · 2023Article
- Disparities in Adult Patient Selection for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the United States: A Population-Level Study.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2023Article
- Bias in Care: Impact of Ethnicity on Time to Emergent Surgery Varies Between Subspecialties.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2023Article
- Determining the factors for interhospital transfer in advanced heart failure cases.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2022Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Interhospital Transfer for Conditions With a Mortality Benefit to Transfer Among Patients With Medicare.JAMA network open · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInterhospital transfer (IHT) is often performed to provide patients with specialized care. Racial/ethnic disparities in IHT have been suggested but are not well-characterized.
objectiveTo evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and IHT.
designCross-sectional analysis of 2016 National Inpatient Sample data. PATIENTS: Patients aged ≥ 18 years old with common medical diagnoses at transfer, including acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, stroke, sepsis, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal bleed. MAIN MEASURES: We performed a series of logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds of transfer by race/ethnicity controlling for patient demographics, clinical variables, and hospital characteristics and to identify potential mediators. In secondary analyses, we estimated adjusted odds of transfer among patients at community hospitals (those more likely to transfer patients) and performed subgroup analyses by region and primary medical diagnosis. KEY
resultsOf 5,774,175 weighted hospital admissions, 199,015 (4.5%) underwent IHT, including 4.7% of White patients, compared with 3.9% of Black patients and 3.8% of Hispanic patients. Black (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78-0.89) and Hispanic (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.87) patients had lower crude odds of transfer compared with White patients, but this became non-significant after adjusting for hospital-level characteristics. In secondary analyses among patients hospitalized at community hospitals, Hispanic patients had lower adjusted odds of transfer (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-0.98). Disparities in IHT by race/ethnicity varied by region and medical diagnosis.
conclusionsBlack and Hispanic patients had lower odds of IHT, largely explained by a higher likelihood of being hospitalized at urban teaching hospitals. Racial/ethnic disparities in transfer were demonstrated at community hospitals, in certain geographic regions and among patients with specific diseases.
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Registered trials
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