ReviewThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2020
Motion Extrapolation in Visual Processing: Lessons from 25 Years of Flash-Lag Debate.
Review in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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34 citing papers in PubMed.
- A novel cross-modal perceptual effect: Sound-induced increase of the non-contact illusion.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2026Article
- Hemifield-Specific Motion Extrapolation Reveals Limits of Interhemispheric Integration.eNeuro · 2026Article
- Observed hand-movement reversals postdictively bias ambiguous motion judgements.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- What is next? Predictable visual sequences are encoded with anticipatory biases and reduced neural responses.iScience · 2026Article
- Interception of visible and occluded ballistic trajectories: differential contributions by areas MT/V5, V6, V6A and the vestibular premotor cortex evaluated by TMS.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2026Article
- Regaining Visual Acuity Does Not Restore Motion Extrapolation Deficits in Amblyopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Temporal dynamics of motion compression: a lagged extrapolation account.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- How forward remapping predicts peri-saccadic biphasic mislocalization.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Shrinking the Skin: Motion Results in Compressive Mislocalization of Stimuli Applied 10 s Post-Motion.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sonic Sleight of Hand: Sound Induces Illusory Distortions in the Perception and Prediction of Robot Action.International journal of social robotics · 2025Article
- When visual attention is divided in the flash-lag effect.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- The flashy escape: support for dynamic flash coloration as anti-predator defence.Biology letters · 2024Article
- Representational horizon and visual space orientation: An investigation into the role of visual contextual cues on spatial mislocalisations.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2024Article
- Corrective mechanisms of motion extrapolation.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Dynamic predictive coding: A model of hierarchical sequence learning and prediction in the neocortex.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Spike-timing dependent plasticity partially compensates for neural delays in a multi-layered network of motion-sensitive neurons.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Exploring the extent to which shared mechanisms contribute to motion-position illusions.Journal of vision · 2023Article
- Position representations of moving objects align with real-time position in the early visual response.eLife · 2023Article
- The cost of aiming for the best answers: Inconsistent perception.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2023Review
- Interocular Transfer: The Dichoptic Flash-Lag Effect in Controls and Amblyopes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
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Abstract
Because of the delays inherent in neural transmission, the brain needs time to process incoming visual information. If these delays were not somehow compensated, we would consistently mislocalize moving objects behind their physical positions. Twenty-five years ago, Nijhawan used a perceptual illusion he called the flash-lag effect (FLE) to argue that the brain's visual system solves this computational challenge by extrapolating the position of moving objects (Nijhawan, 1994). Although motion extrapolation had been proposed a decade earlier (e.g., Finke et al., 1986), the proposal that it caused the FLE and functioned to compensate for computational delays was hotly debated in the years that followed, with several alternative interpretations put forth to explain the effect. Here, I argue, 25 years later, that evidence from behavioral, computational, and particularly recent functional neuroimaging studies converges to support the existence of motion extrapolation mechanisms in the visual system, as well as their causal involvement in the FLE. First, findings that were initially argued to challenge the motion extrapolation model of the FLE have since been explained, and those explanations have been tested and corroborated by more recent findings. Second, motion extrapolation explains the spatial shifts observed in several FLE conditions that cannot be explained by alternative (temporal) models of the FLE. Finally, neural mechanisms that actually perform motion extrapolation have been identified at multiple levels of the visual system, in multiple species, and with multiple different methods. I outline key questions that remain, and discuss possible directions for future research.
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