ReviewPharmaceutics2020
Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them?
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Film-Forming Gels for Topical Drug Delivery: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Formulation on Film Performance, Drug Release, and Skin Permeation.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Amorphous Solid Dispersions in Non-Oral Drug Delivery: A Critical Review Bridging Mechanistic Advantages and Gaps in Translational Evidence.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Pharmacokinetics, Absolute Bioavailability, and Nonlinear Topical Absorption of a Fluralaner-Moxidectin Spot-On Formulation in Cats.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Modulatory Effects of Procyanidin B1 on Inflammation-Induced Oxidative Stress and ECM-Related Responses in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Keratinocytes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Radiofrequency Microneedling-Mediated Enhancement in Percutaneous Delivery of Topical Triamcinolone Acetonide: An In Vivo Quantitative Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Therapeutic peptides and proteins: Status and developments in drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Review
- HPMA polymers as functional excipients in dermal nanoformulations of imiquimod.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Kaempferol-modified mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicle-mimetics promote photoaging repair by suppressing ADAM10.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Wild-Type Scandinavian Planarian-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Accelerate Skin Wound Healing in Burn and Mechanical Injuries.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Solubility-Permeability-Matrix Interplay in Percutaneous Absorption Exemplified by Theophylline.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Cryogenic Particle Delivery in Enhancing Skin Penetration and Absorption.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Integrated Biomimetic 2D-LC and PermeapadMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Alopecia management from a comparative perspective: pharmacological and pharmaceutical insights in humans, dogs, and cats.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Non-surgical Synergistic Interventions for the Treatment of Skin Cancer.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Optimizing Transdermal Drug Delivery with Novasome Nanocarriers: A Quality by Design (QbD) Framework.Current drug delivery · 2026Review
- Recent advances in polymer-based drug delivery systems for atopic dermatitis: enhancing therapeutic efficacy and outcomes.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Recent advances in gene delivery for melanocyte-associated disorders.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Advances in Cell-Mediated Drug Delivery for Dermatologic Diseases: Mechanisms and Current Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- A Four-Layer Numerical Model for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Parameter Optimization and Experimental Validation Using a Franz Diffusion Cell.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Orally Administered Edible Snail Extract Powder Enhances Skin Hydration via Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis and Barrier Gene Modulation in SKH-1 Hairless Mice.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.