ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2020
Sex-related differences in COVID-19 lethality.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polymorphisms and mutations of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes are associated with COVID-19: a systematic review.European journal of medical research · 2022Pooled it
- Features of severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical investigation · 2020Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces the number of spermatogonial stem cells and dysregulates the transcriptional landscape of the human testis.Research square · 2026Article
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Association of Renin-Angiotensin Pathway Gene Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity in Moroccans: A Case-Control Study.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- Analysis of modifying factors for ACE2 to work effectively.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Article
- Modulation of Angiotensin-II and Angiotensin 1-7 Levels Influences Cardiac Function in Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury.Current drug research reviews · 2025Review
- Risk impact of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and spike protein on cardiac tissue: a comprehensive review.Physiological research · 2024Review
- Food-Derived Up-Regulators and Activators of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: A Review.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2024Review
- Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Testing Adherence in a University Town: Recurrent Event Modeling Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Associated Cardiovascular Disease-Risks, Prevention and Management: Heart at Risk Due to COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Mortality risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome cases classified as COVID-19: A longitudinal study.PloS one · 2024Article
- Lower female survival from an opportunistic infection reveals progesterone-driven sex bias in trained immunity.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Association of government effectiveness, logistics performance, IT systems and income with COVID-19 mortality.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Smell Outcome and Seropositivity Titre in Post-COVID-19 Patients.ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties · 2023Article
- COVID-19Base v3: Update of the knowledgebase for drugs and biomedical entities linked to COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Characterization of COVID-19 cases in the early phase (March to July 2020) of the pandemic in Kenya.Journal of global health · 2022Review
- Supervised Machine Learning Models to Identify Early-Stage Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Behavioral biases and heuristics in perceptions of COVID-19 risks and prevention decisions.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many countries have been affected by the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. Among Western countries, Italy has been particularly hit at the beginning of the pandemic, immediately after China. In Italy and elsewhere, women seem to be less affected than men by severe/fatal COVID-19 infection, regardless of their age. Although women and men are affected differently by this infection, very few studies consider different therapeutic approaches for the two sexes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences may help to find appropriate and sex specific therapies. Here, we consider that other mechanisms are involved to explain this difference, in addition to the protection attributable to oestrogens. Several X-linked genes (such as ACE2) and Y-linked genes (SRY and SOX9) may explain sex differences. Cardiovascular comorbidities are among the major enhancers of virus lethality. In addition, the number of sex-independent, non-genetic factors that can change susceptibility and mortality is enormous, and many other factors should be considered, including gender and cultural habits in different countries.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.