ArticleScientific reports2020
The closed eye harbours a unique microbiome in dry eye disease.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical efficacy of portable, cost-effective manual thermal pulsation for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction and factors associated with therapeutic efficacy.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Potential role of the ocular surface microbiome in dry eye: microbial interactions and symptom alleviation.mSystems · 2026Trial
- Effects of Carboxymethylcellulose Artificial Tears on Ocular Surface Microbiome Diversity and Composition, A Randomized Controlled Trial.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Trial
- Ocular immune homeostasis-mechanisms of precise regulation through coordination of the eye, visual system and beyond: a narrative review.Annals of eye science · 2026Article
- Integrative analysis of the meibum microbiome in dry eye disease: from dysbiosis and diagnostic biomarkers to immunomodulation by Bradyrhizobium-derived outer membrane vesicles.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- The Gut-Eye Axis and Microbiome in Ophthalmic Diseases: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Setting higher standards for reports of microbial species in human cancers.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Diagnostic methods for managing dry eyes.World journal of methodology · 2025Article
- The Ocular Surface Microbiome in Homeostasis and Dysbiosis.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Multi-cohort analysis identifying core ocular surface microbiome and bacterial alterations in eye diseases.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Alterations of ocular surface microbiome in glaucoma and its association with dry eye.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Sequencing the ocular surface microbiome: a review of methodological practices and considerations.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Ocular surface microbiota alterations in patients with pterygium.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Review
- A Comparative Analysis of the Ocular Microbiome: Insights into Healthy Eyes and Anophthalmic Sockets.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Unique composition of ocular surface microbiome in the old patients with dry eye and diabetes mellitus in a community from Shanghai, China.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Multidimensional immunotherapy for dry eye disease: current status and future directions.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Metagenomic analysis of microbiological changes on the ocular surface of diabetic children and adolescents with a dry eye.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Targeting the Gut-Eye Axis: An Emerging Strategy to Face Ocular Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Ocular conjunctival microbiome profiling in dry eye disease: A case control pilot study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Dry eye affects millions of individuals. In experimental models, dry eye disease is associated with T helper cell 17-mediated inflammation of the ocular surface that may cause persistent damage to the corneal epithelium. However, the initiating and perpetuating factors associated with chronic inflammation of the ocular surface remain unclear. The ocular microbiota alters ocular surface inflammation and may influence dry eye disease development and progression. Here, we collected serial samples of tears on awakening from sleep, closed eye tears, during a randomized clinical trial of a non-pharmaceutical dry eye therapy and used 16S rRNA metabarcoding to characterize the microbiome. We show the closed dry eye microbiome is distinct from the healthy closed eye microbiome, and that the microbiome remains distinct despite daily saline eye wash upon awakening. The ocular microbiome was described only recently, and this report implicates a distinct microbiome in ocular disease development. Our findings suggest an interplay between microbial commensals and inflammation on the ocular surface. This information may inform future studies of the pathophysiological mechanisms of dry eye disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.