ArticleAIDS (London, England)2020
Advanced HIV disease in the Botswana combination prevention project: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01965470 (Botswana Combination Prevention Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Botswana Combination Prevention Project: -Evaluation Protocol (Protocol #1): Research Design and Impact Evaluation -Closed Clinical Cohort Protocol (Protocol #3) Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Combination HIV Prevention Interventions in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in Botswana
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic accuracy of the WHO clinical staging system for detection of immunologically defined advanced HIV disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.HIV medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Forgotten Test: Missed Opportunities for HIV Diagnosis and Survival Outcomes in Advanced HIV Disease.Viruses · 2026Article
- Burden and predictors of advanced HIV disease among people living with HIV at Zewditu Memorial Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of point-of-care Alere Pima CD4 test for low CD4 cell counts test in Uganda.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Uptake and disparities in tuberculosis screening using urine-lipoarabinomannan among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus-disease in Africa: A systematic review.World journal of virology · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Global Trends in CD4 Measurement and Immunosuppression at ART Initiation Among Children With HIV.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2025Article
- Prevalence of advanced HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of nationally representative household surveys.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study evaluating the screening, diagnosis and management of advanced HIV disease at the AIDS support organization service centre in Mbarara City, Southwestern Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Mortality, loss to follow-up and advanced HIV disease following virologic success in West African HIV-2 patients.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of HIV Care in HIV-Positive Clients Entering HIV Care With Advanced HIV Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa 2010-2022: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Tracking Cryptococcal Meningitis to Monitor HIV Program Success During the Treat All Era: An Analysis of National Data in Botswana.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Advanced HIV disease and its predictors among newly diagnosed PLHIV in the Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia.PloS one · 2024Article
- Advanced HIV disease: A review of diagnostic and prophylactic strategies.HIV medicine · 2023Review
- Burden, clinical presentation and risk factors of advanced HIV disease in pregnant Mozambican women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients presenting with advanced HIV disease in the "treat all" era: a retrospective cohort study from rural Rwanda.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- CD4 Cell Count: A Critical Tool in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Response.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Advanced HIV disease management practices within inpatient medicine units at a referral hospital in Zambia: a retrospective chart review.AIDS research and therapy · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S): To determine the proportion of individuals linking to HIV-care with advanced HIV-disease (CD4 cell counts ≤200 cells/μl) in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project, describe the characteristics of these individuals, and examine treatment outcomes.
designA subanalysis of a cluster-randomized HIV-prevention trial. HIV status was assessed in 16-64-year-olds through home and mobile testing. All HIV-positive persons not on antiretroviral therapy were referred to local Ministry of Health and Wellness clinics for treatment.
methodsAnalysis was restricted to the 15 intervention clusters. The proportion of individuals with advanced HIV disease was determined; associations between advanced HIV disease and sex and age explored; and rates of viral suppression determined at 1-year. Mortality and retention in care were compared between CD4 strata (CD4 cell counts ≤200 vs. >200 cells/μl).
resultsOverall, 17.2% [430/2499; 95% confidence interval (CI) 15.7-18.8%] of study participants had advanced HIV disease (CD4 cell counts ≤200 cells/μl) at time of clinic linkage. Men were significantly more likely to present with CD4 cell counts 200 cells/μl or less than women [23.7 vs. 13.4%, adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.3]. The risk of advanced HIV disease increased with increasing age (adjusted odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.4-3.2 >35 vs. <25 years). Patients with CD4 cell counts 200 cells/μl or less had significantly higher rates of attrition from care during follow-up (hazards ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.1-2.1).
conclusionAdvanced HIV disease due to late presentation to or disengagement from antiretroviral therapy care remains common in the Treat All era in Botswana, calling for innovative testing, linkage, and treatment strategies to engage and retain harder-to-reach populations in care.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.