ArticleJournal of medical virology2021
SARS-CoV-2 S1 is superior to the RBD as a COVID-19 subunit vaccine antigen.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dopamine polymerization-mediated surface functionalization of living cells for advanced therapeutic applications.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- A novel chimeric coronavirus spike vaccine combining SARS-CoV-2 RBD and scaffold domains from HKU-1 elicits potent neutralising antibody responses.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle-supported, rapid, digital quantification of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2025Article
- Pan-Variant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Induce Protective Immunity by Targeting Conserved Epitopes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on an NIR-II/SWIR emitting nanoparticle platform.Science advances · 2025Article
- Dissecting the Binding Affinity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Compounds to Human Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2: A Computational Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronaviruses.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- A Dual-Adjuvanted Parenteral-Intranasal Subunit Nanovaccine generates Robust Systemic and Mucosal Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
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- A comprehensive review of oral microenvironment changes and orofacial adverse reactions after COVID-19 vaccination: The good, the bad, and the ugly.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Th2 and Th17-associated immunopathology following SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in Spike-vaccinated ACE2-humanized mice.Journal of medical virology · 2024Article
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- Pre-Clinical Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Coronavirus Protein-Based Subunit Vaccine for COVID-19.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Identification of conserved linear epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding region using monoclonal antibodies.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD to RBD protein vaccine improves immunity against viral variants.iScience · 2023Article
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- Adenovirus Vaccine Containing Truncated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit Leads to a Specific Immune Response in Mice.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Self-Assembled TLR7/8 Agonist-Mannose Conjugate as An Effective Vaccine Adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 RBD Trimer.Polymers · 2022Article
- Two formulations of coronavirus disease-19 recombinant subunit vaccine candidate made up of S1 fragment protein P1, S2 fragment protein P2, and nucleocapsid protein elicit strong immunogenicity in mice.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Since its emergence in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic within a matter of months. While subunit vaccines are one of the prominent options for combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the immunogenicity of spike protein-based antigens remains unknown. When immunized in mice, the S1 domain induced much higher IgG and IgA antibody levels than the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and more efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 when adjuvanted with alum. It is inferred that a large proportion of these neutralization epitopes are located in the S1 domain but outside the RBD and that some of these are spatial epitopes. This finding indicates that expression systems with posttranslational modification abilities are important to maintain the natural configurations of recombinant spike protein antigens and are critical for effective COVID-19 vaccines. Further, adjuvants prone to a Th1 response should be considered for S1-based subunit COVID-19 vaccines to reduce the potential risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.