Trial reportBMC microbiology2020
Examining the relationship between maternal body size, gestational glucose tolerance status, mode of delivery and ethnicity on human milk microbiota at three months post-partum.
Trial report in BMC microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01405547 (Impact of Maternal Metabolic Abnormalities in Pregnancy on Human Milk and Subsequent Infant Metabolic Development), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of Maternal Metabolic Abnormalities in Pregnancy on Human Milk and Subsequent Infant Metabolic Development
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Human milk microbiota: origins, determinants, and roles in maternal-infant microbial transmission and infant microbiome assembly.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- A Review of Global Patterns in Gut Microbiota Composition, Health and Disease: Locating South Africa in the Conversation.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Article
- Longitudinal Profiling of the Human Milk Microbiome from Birth to 12 Months Reveals Overall Stability and Selective Taxa-Level Variation.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Comparison and correlation analysis of microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid profile in Milk across 15 mammalian species.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Human Milk Microbiome from Polish Women Giving Birth via Vaginal Delivery-Pilot Study.Biology · 2025Article
- Human Milk Microbiota Across Lactation Stages and Free Glutamate Concentrations in Healthy Ecuadorian Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Development of the breastfed infant oral microbiome over the first two years of life in the BLOSOM Cohort.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- A comparison of the breast milk microbiota from women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and women without gestational diabetes mellitus.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Importance of human milk for infants in the clinical setting: Updates and mechanistic links.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- Maternal Nutritional Status and the Microbiome across the Pregnancy and the Post-Partum Period.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants-A defect in the brakes? Evidence from clinical and animal studies.Mucosal immunology · 2023Review
- Microbiome as an immune regulator in health, disease, and therapeutics.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2022Review
- Associations of Metabolic and Obstetric Risk Parameters with Timing of Lactogenesis II.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Maternal weight status and the composition of the human milk microbiome: A scoping review.PloS one · 2022Article
- Oligosaccharides and Microbiota in Human Milk Are Interrelated at 3 Months Postpartum in a Cohort of Women with a High Prevalence of Gestational Impaired Glucose Tolerance.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Breastfeeding Practices Influence the Breast Milk Microbiota Depending on Pre-Gestational Maternal BMI and Weight Gain over Pregnancy.Nutrients · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew studies have examined how maternal body mass index (BMI), mode of delivery and ethnicity affect the microbial composition of human milk and none have examined associations with maternal metabolic status. Given the high prevalence of maternal adiposity and impaired glucose metabolism, we systematically investigated the associations between these maternal factors in women ≥20 years and milk microbial composition and predicted functionality by V4-16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (NCT01405547; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01405547 ). Demographic data, weight, height, and a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test were gathered at 30 (95% CI: 25-33) weeks gestation, and milk samples were collected at 3 months post-partum (n = 113).
resultsMultivariable linear regression analyses demonstrated no significant associations between maternal characteristics (maternal BMI [pre-pregnancy, 3 months post-partum], glucose tolerance, mode of delivery and ethnicity) and milk microbiota alpha-diversity; however, pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with human milk microbiota beta-diversity (Bray-Curtis R
conclusionsHuman milk has a diverse microbiota of which its diversity and differential abundance appear associated with maternal BMI, glucose tolerance status, mode of delivery, and ethnicity. Further research is warranted to determine whether this variability in the milk microbiota impacts colonization of the infant gut.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.