Trial reportJournal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association2020
Can robotic gait rehabilitation plus Virtual Reality affect cognitive and behavioural outcomes in patients with chronic stroke? A randomized controlled trial involving three different protocols.
Trial report in Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07384143 (Exploring Cognitive Recovery), which is not on this map. Cited by 42 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Exploring Cognitive Recovery: the Impact of Sensor-based Robotic Rehabilitation in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-stroke lower limb rehabilitation: a comparative study between exoskeleton robots and traditional gait training.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Robot-assisted therapy following stroke: what effects on quality of life, cognitive and psychosocial outcomes? A systematic review.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- [Use of Virtual Reality Based on Daily Activities for Cognitive Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Systematic Review].Revista de neurologia · 2025Pooled it
- The study of the effect of virtual reality technology combined with sports games on improving cognitive function in patients with brain injury: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of combined robotics and virtual reality on lower limb functional ability in stroke survivors: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- The effectiveness of virtual reality games in improving cognition, mobility, and emotion in elderly post-stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2023Pooled it
- Combining robot-assisted therapy with virtual reality or using it alone? A systematic review on health-related quality of life in neurological patients.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2023Pooled it
- Occupational therapy for cognitive impairment in stroke patients.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of robot-assisted training on cognitive function in post-stroke patients: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- Efficacy of the use of video games on mood, anxiety and depression in stroke patients: preliminary findings of a randomised controlled trial.Journal of neurology · 2024Trial
- Characterizing the Effects of Adding Virtual and Augmented Reality in Robot-Assisted Training.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2024Trial
- Sex Differences in Elderly Multiple Sclerosis Patients Undergoing Neurorehabilitation: How Many Things are Taken for Granted? A Retrospective Study.Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of virtual reality-based nature interventions in promoting mental health outcomes among older adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.Australian journal of psychology · 2026Review
- Article
- Innovating Stroke Recovery: A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality in Cognitive Rehabilitation.Cureus · 2025Review
- The Impact of Multiple Exercise Modes on the Quality of Life of Stroke Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions on Cognitive Function in Patients With Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.JMIR serious games · 2025Review
- May Patients with Chronic Stroke Benefit from Robotic Gait Training with an End-Effector? A Case-Control Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- High Technology-Assisted Rehabilitation Based on Neuropsychological Assessments in a Case of Severe Acquired Brain Injury.Case reports in neurological medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe rehabilitation of cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in individuals with stroke is essential for promoting patient's recovery and autonomy. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effects of robotic neurorehabilitation using Lokomat with and without VR on cognitive functioning and psychological well-being in stroke patients, as compared to traditional therapy.
methodsNinety stroke patients were included in this randomized controlled clinical trial. The patients were assigned to one of the three treatment groups, i.e. the Robotic Rehabilitation group undergoing robotic rehab with VR (RRG+VR), the Robotic Rehabilitation Group (RRG-VR) using robotics without VR, and the Conventional Rehabilitation group (CRG) submitted to conventional physiotherapy and cognitive treatment.
resultsThe analysis showed that either the robotic training (with and without VR) or the conventional rehabilitation led to significant improvements in the global cognitive functioning, mood, and executive functions, as well as in activities of daily living. However, only in the RRG+VR we observed a significant improvement in cognitive flexibility and shifting skills, selective attention/visual research, and quality of life, with regard to the perception of the mental and physical state.
conclusionOur study shows that robotic treatment, especially if associated with VR, may positively affect cognitive recovery and psychological well-being in patients with chronic stroke, thanks to the complex interation between movement and cognition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.