ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
Outer membrane vesicles: moving within the intricate labyrinth of assays that can predict risks of reactogenicity in humans.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preclinical characterization of immune responses induced by a candidate gonococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine.mSphere · 2026Article
- Tiny packages, big potential: bacterial membrane vesicles in vaccinology.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Microbial membrane vesicles and the intestinal epithelium: a crosstalk in health and disease.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Coated nanoparticles enhance immune efficacy of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles by activating Th1/Th2/Th17 responses.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Bioengineering Outer-Membrane Vesicles for Vaccine Development: Strategies, Advances, and Perspectives.Vaccines · 2025Review
- A novel outer membrane vesicle adjuvant improves vaccine protection against Bordetella pertussis.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Bacteria extracellular vesicle as nanopharmaceuticals for versatile biomedical potential.Nano convergence · 2024Review
- TestingPharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Outer membrane vesicles as a platform for the discovery of antibodies to bacterial pathogens.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Molecular Signature of Monocytes Shaped by theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A next-generation GMMA-based vaccine candidate to fight shigellosis.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Optimization of EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- In vitro alternative for reactogenicity assessment of outer membrane vesicle based vaccines.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Outer Membrane Vesicle-Coated Nanoparticle Vaccine Protects AgainstAdvanced nanobiomed research · 2023Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Recent Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Control of Bacterial Pathogens with an Emphasis on Foodborne Pathogens.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Emerging role of microbiota derived outer membrane vesicles to preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic proposes.Infectious agents and cancer · 2023Review
- Study of Agonists of TLRs as Vaccine Adjuvants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Rapid generation of Shigella flexneri GMMA displaying natural or new and cross-reactive O-Antigens.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- Development of a Monocyte Activation Test as an Alternative to the Rabbit Pyrogen Test for Mono- and Multi-ComponentMicroorganisms · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are exosomes naturally released from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. Since the '80s, OMVs have been proposed as powerful vaccine platforms due to their intrinsic self-adjuvanticity and ability to present multiple antigens in natural conformation. However, the presence of several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), especially lipid A, has raised concerns about potential systemic reactogenicity in humans. Recently, chemical and genetic approaches allowed to efficiently modulate the balance between reactogenicity and immunogenicity for the use of OMV in humans. Several assays (monocyte activation test, rabbit pyrogenicity test, limulus amebocyte lysate, human transfectant cells, and toxicology studies) were developed to test, with highly predictive potential, the risk of reactogenicity in humans before moving to clinical use. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on how different assays were and can be used to successfully evaluate systemic reactogenicity during clinical development and after licensure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.