ArticlePloS one2020
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to Rh(D) incompatibility: A preventable disease that still produces significant morbidity and mortality in children.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reporting of management and outcomes in the hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: a systematic literature review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Pooled it
- [Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of anemia of prematurity (2025)].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2025Guideline
- Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: systematic literature review of the antenatal landscape.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2021Guideline
- Adverse perinatal outcomes indicative of RhD-mediated hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in Eastern Ethiopia: evidence of maternal health inequity in a multicenter cohort study.AJOG global reports · 2026Article
- Assessment of maternal knowledge towards Rhesus incompatibility and their attitude about its preventive measures in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Bridging the Gap: High-ResolutionHuman mutation · 2026Article
- Noninvasive fetal antigen genotyping: Results from a survey on the status of clinical implementation.Vox sanguinis · 2025Article
- Identifying Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn within a Large Integrated Health Care System.American journal of perinatology · 2025Article
- Rh disease in Mexico: evaluating regional and institutional differences in treatment availability and disease management.Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue · 2025Article
- Point-of-care determination of the frequency of Rhesus(D)-negative blood types and the uptake of anti(D) immunoglobulin among Rh(D)-negative women in Dadu district, Sindh, Pakistan.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- 20 years experience of RhD alloimmunization at a state referral center in Rio de Janeiro: a study of 481 cases.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2025Observational
- Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and Rhesus alloimmunization in Latin American countries: a scoping review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Economic analysis of foregoing Rh immunoglobulin for bleeding in pregnancy <12 weeks gestation.Contraception · 2024Article
- Pregnant women's knowledge and clinical management of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in Pará, Brazil.Hematology, transfusion and cell therapy · 2024Article
- [Colombian consensus for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of Rhesus disease].Revista colombiana de obstetricia y ginecologia · 2024Article
- Knowledge about Rh-incompatibility and its associated factors among antenatal care recipients in public hospitals of Wolaita zone, 2022: facility-based cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Intrauterine Transfusion for Rhesus Alloimmunization: A Historical Retrospective Cohort from A Single Reference Center in Brazil.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Hepatic Failure and Hyperbilirubinemia Secondary to Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.Case reports in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Current Insights Into K-associated Fetal Anemia and Potential Treatment Strategies for Sensitized Pregnancies.Transfusion medicine reviews · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the mid-20th century, Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn, caused by maternal alloimmunization to the Rh(D) blood group antigen expressed by fetal red blood cells (i.e., "Rh disease"), was a major cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, with the regulatory approval, in 1968, of IgG anti-Rh(D) immunoprophylaxis to prevent maternal sensitization, the prospect of eradicating Rh disease was at hand. Indeed, the combination of antenatal and post-partum immunoprophylaxis is ~99% effective at preventing maternal sensitization to Rh(D). To investigate global compliance with this therapeutic intervention, we used an epidemiological approach to estimate the current annual number of pregnancies worldwide involving an Rh(D)-negative mother and an Rh(D)-positive fetus. The annual number of doses of anti-Rh(D) IgG required for successful immunoprophylaxis for these cases was then calculated and compared with an estimate of the annual number of doses of anti-Rh(D) produced and provided worldwide. Our results suggest that ~50% of the women around the world who require this type of immunoprophylaxis do not receive it, presumably due to a lack of awareness, availability, and/or affordability, thereby putting hundreds of thousands of fetuses and neonates at risk for Rh disease each year. The global failure to provide this generally acknowledged standard-of-care to prevent Rh disease, even 50 years after its availability, contributes to an enormous, continuing burden of fetal and neonatal disease and provides a critically important challenge to the international health care system.
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