ArticleBioMed research international2020
Quality and Brands of Amoxicillin Formulations in Nairobi, Kenya.
Article in BioMed research international, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Substandard and falsified antimicrobials in selected east African countries: A systematic review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
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- Protocol deviations in medicine quality tests.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2026Article
- Economic burden of hypertension to outpatients attending the Ho Teaching Hospital in the Volta Region of Ghana: a cross-sectional study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence of ESBL-producingOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Suspected poor-quality medicines in Kenya: a retrospective descriptive study of medicine quality-related complaints reports in Kenya's pharmacovigilance database.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Fragmented Picture of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kenya: A Situational Analysis of Antimicrobial Consumption and the Imperative for Antimicrobial Stewardship.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prevalence of substandard, falsified, unlicensed and unregistered medicine and its associated factors in Africa: a systematic review.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2024Review
- The economic burden of leprosy treatment to households in Ghana: A cross-sectional study in the Volta Region of Ghana.SAGE open medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Supply-chain factors and antimicrobial stewardship.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2023Article
- Article
- Genomic analysis of group B Streptococcus from milk demonstrates the need for improved biosecurity: a cross-sectional study of pastoralist camels in Kenya.BMC microbiology · 2021Article
- Tanzanian primary healthcare workers' experiences of antibiotic prescription and understanding of antibiotic resistance in common childhood infections: a qualitative phenomenographic study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2021Article
- Quality assessment of selected co-trimoxazole suspension brands marketed in Nairobi County, Kenya.PloS one · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most counterfeited anti-infectious medicines in developing countries. Amoxicillin is one of the commonly prescribed, affordable, and easily accessible antibiotic in Kenya. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic hence commonly used in chemotherapy. This study sought to determine the quality and identify the various brands of amoxicillin and its combination amoxicillin/clavulanic acid marketed in Nairobi County. Nairobi is the capital city of Kenya, gateway for imports and exports, and the headquarters to most of the pharmaceutical distributors. Ten wards in Nairobi County representing different socioeconomic settings were purposively sampled for the study. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect background data on brands of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the market. A total of 106 different brands were found in the market: 85 were imports while 21 were locally manufactured. Fifty-three samples were analyzed with reference to the United States Pharmacopoeia. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid contents for oral suspensions were determined immediately after reconstitution and 7 days thereafter to determine their stability during the prescription period. On day seven, 23.1% (3 out of 13) of amoxicillin and 66.7% (8 out of 12) amoxicillin/clavulanic acid oral suspensions presented levels below recommended limits. Uniformity of weight for amoxicillin capsules noted 13.6% (3 out of 22) failure rate, while amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablets complied. Potency determination for all amoxicillin capsules analyzed were within required limits, but amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablets showed 33.3% (2 out of 6) noncompliance. For amoxicillin capsule and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablet dissolution tests, there was 10.5% (2 out of 19) and 50% (2 out of 4) noncompliance, respectively. Overall, 37.7% of the drugs analyzed failed to comply with the Pharmacopoeia. These results highlight the presence of poor-quality amoxicillin formulations in Nairobi County, affirming the need for regular postmarket surveillance to inform on the situation of antibiotic quality in the Kenyan market.
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