ReviewRevista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health2020
A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970-2012.
Review in Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Human-to-human transmission of leptospirosis: a global systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Leptospirosis in humans and selected animals in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2014-2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Leptospirosis in pregnancy: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Estimating the burden of leptospirosis in the Caribbean: Insights from environmental and sociodemographic factors.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Serological and molecular evidence of Leptospira spp. in martens from Poland.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Leptospirosis in Southeast Asia: Investigating Seroprevalence, Transmission Patterns, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Review
- [Floods in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2024 and their effects on the epidemiology of leptospirosis].Cadernos de saude publica · 2026Article
- Leptospirosis in the Caribbean Region between 2000 and 2022: A scoping review of morbidity and mortality.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- A case report of Leptospirosis with positive cerebrospinal fluid targeted next-generation sequencing.IDCases · 2026Article
- Advances in the development of a vaccine for the prevention of human leptospirosis: a review.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2026Review
- A study protocol for developing a spatial vulnerability index for infectious diseases of poverty in the Caribbean region.Global health action · 2025Article
- The Role of Hydrometeorological Factors in Leptospirosis Transmission in Central Java, Indonesia.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2025Article
- Endemicity, Clinical Features, Risk Factors, and the Potential for Severe Infection inTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Leptospirosis in Campinas, Brazil: The interplay between drainage, impermeable areas, and social vulnerability.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Observational
- Epidemiological, temporal, and geographic trends of leptospirosis in the United States, 2014-2020.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Quantifying Spatial variation in environmental and sociodemographic drivers of leptospirosis in the Dominican Republic using a geographically weighted regression model.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Cohort Study of Leptospirosis in Crete, Greece.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Leptospirosis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis review describes the geographic and temporal distribution of, detection methods for, and other epidemiological features of published leptospirosis outbreaks, with the aim of informing efforts to standardize outbreak-reporting practices.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of leptospirosis outbreaks reported in the scientific literature and ProMED during 1970-2012. Predefined criteria were used to identify and classify outbreaks and a standard form was used to extract information.
resultsDuring 1970-2012, we identified 318 outbreaks (average: 7 outbreaks/year; range: 1-19). Most outbreaks were reported in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (36%), followed by Southern Asia (13%), and North America (11%). Most outbreaks were located in tropical and subtropical ecoregions (55%). Quality classification showed that there was clear description of laboratory-confirmed cases in 40% of outbreaks. Among those, the average outbreak size was 82 cases overall (range: 2-2 259) but reached 253 cases in tropical/subtropical ecoregions. Common risk factors included outdoor work activities (25%), exposure to floodwaters (23%), and recreational exposure to water (22%). Epidemiologic investigation was conducted in 80% of outbreaks, mainly as case interviews. Case fatality was 5% overall (range: 0%-60%).
conclusionsOutbreak reporting increased over the study period with outbreaks covering tropical and non-tropical regions. Outbreaks varied by size, setting, and risk factors; however, data reviewed often had limited information regarding diagnosis and epidemiology. Guidelines are recommended to develop standardized procedures for diagnostic and epidemiological investigations during an outbreak and for reporting.
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