Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32684155›Full record

ArticleGenome biology2020

The origins and genomic diversity of American Civil War Era smallpox vaccine strains.

Ana T Duggan, Jennifer Klunk, Ashleigh F Porter, Anna N Dhody, Robert Hicks, Geoffrey L Smith, Margaret Humphreys, Andrea M McCollum, Whitni B Davidson, Kimberly Wilkins and 12 more

Abstract readHistorical Article
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Genome biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Poxvirus Recombination.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Ana T DugganDepartment of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada. duggana@mcmaster.ca.ORCID 0000-0002-2582-2954
Jennifer KlunkDepartment of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.
Ashleigh F PorterMarie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Anna N DhodyMütter Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
Robert HicksMütter Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
Geoffrey L SmithDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
Margaret HumphreysDepartment of History, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
Andrea M McCollumU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Whitni B DavidsonU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Kimberly WilkinsU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Yu LiU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Amanda BurkeMütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
Hanna PolaskyMütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
Lowell FlandersMütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
Debi PoinarDepartment of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.
Amogelang R RaphenyaPresent address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada.
Tammy T Y LauPresent address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada.
Brian AlcockPresent address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada.
Andrew G McArthurPresent address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada.
G Brian GoldingDepartment of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.
Edward C HolmesMarie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Hendrik N PoinarDepartment of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.

Funding

CIHR PJT-156214Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vaccination has transformed public health, most notably including the eradication of smallpox. Despite its profound historical importance, little is known of the origins and diversity of the viruses used in smallpox vaccination. Prior to the twentieth century, the method, source and origin of smallpox vaccinations remained unstandardised and opaque. We reconstruct and analyse viral vaccine genomes associated with smallpox vaccination from historical artefacts. Significantly, we recover viral molecules through non-destructive sampling of historical materials lacking signs of biological residues. We use the authenticated ancient genomes to reveal the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccination viruses within the poxviruses as a whole.

Indexed as

Genome, ViralAmerican Civil WarGenetic VariationHistory, 19th CenturyHumansMetagenomeSmallpox VaccineVaccinationVaccinia virusSmallpox VaccineAncient DNASmallpoxVaccinationVaccinia virus

Identifiers

PMID32684155
PMCPMC7370420

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.