ReviewAgeing research reviews2020
Effects of influenza vaccination on the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and all-cause mortality.
Review in Ageing research reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influenza vaccination and cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes in high-risk populations: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Influenza vaccination and major cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials studies.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Manifestations and Mechanisms in Patients with COVID-19.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2020Pooled it
- Immunofitness in the elderly: The role of vaccination in promoting healthy aging.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) for Children for the Prevention of Influenza Illness in Sweden: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Influenza-Associated Cardiac Manifestations: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Socioeconomic value of adult respiratory vaccination in the United States: a benefit-cost analysis.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Human Influenza Virus Infection: A Focus on Key Host Determinants Linked to Clinical Disease Severity.Viruses · 2026Review
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Navigating a new era in cardiovascular disease epidemiology: big data, artificial intelligence and the imperative of disability inclusion.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Review
- Where we work correlates with whether we receive cardiorespiratory preventive care services: Health and Retirement Study 2003-2018.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Development of a broad-spectrum nasal live attenuated influenza vaccine based on mosaic antigen design against influenza B viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Does influenza vaccination contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular events? An umbrella review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2025Article
- Influenza Vaccination Appropriateness: Insights from the Local Health Unit of Catania During the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 Seasons.Vaccines · 2025Article
- 2025 Expert Consensus Recommendations on Vaccinations in Adults with High Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the Task Force of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan.Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Observational
- Blind spots in health perception: the underestimated role of social connection for health outcomes.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing acute cardiovascular events within 1 year in Beijing, China.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Risk of Cardiovascular Events After Influenza: A Population-Based Self-Controlled Case Series Study, Spain, 2011-2018.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInfluenza vaccination is a simple strategy recommended for the prevention of influenza infection and its complications. This meta-analysis aimed to provide current supportive evidence for the breadth and validity of the observed protective effects of influenza vaccination on cardiovascular and respiratory adverse outcomes and all-cause mortality in older adults and in general adult population.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify all published studies comparing influenza vaccination with placebo from the database inception to November 11, 2018. These included studies reporting the associations of influenza vaccination with the risk of aforementioned adverse outcomes.
resultsThe pooled adjusted relative risks among influenza-vaccinated people relative to unvaccinated people for the outcomes of interest were 0.74 (95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.78) for cardiovascular diseases (63 studies), 0.82 (95 % CI = 0.75-0.91) for respiratory diseases (29 studies), and 0.57 (95 % CI = 0.51-0.63) for all-cause mortality (43 studies). We performed subgroup analysis of age, sex, and region/country and found that these protective effects were evident in the general adult population and particularly robust in older adults and in those with pre-existing specific diseases.
conclusionInfluenza vaccine is associated with a significant risk reduction of cardiovascular and respiratory adverse outcomes as well as all-cause mortality. Such a preventative measure can benefit the general population as well as those in old age and with pre-existing specific diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.