SynthesisThe American journal of medicine2020
Dietary Sodium Restriction for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Intervention Outcomes and Behavioral Determinants.
Synthesis in The American journal of medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Engaging Patients with Heart Failure in Diet and Nutritional Health Behaviors Through mHealth Applications - A Restricted, Systematic Review.Current heart failure reports · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical practice guidelines for diagnostic and treatment of the chronic heart failure.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2024Guideline
- Quality of life in hyperkalemia: baseline analysis of a cohort study of management of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure in Japan.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota as a Mediator of Dietary Salt Effects on Blood Pressure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A rapid review and narrative synthesis of the evidence for oral sodium chloride supplements in the management of heart failure.European heart journal open · 2026Article
- Review
- Chronic disease self-management in heart failure: A narrative review of performance gaps and emerging solutions.Medicine · 2025Review
- A mobile app intervention to support nutrition education for heart failure management: co-design, development and user-testing.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- The impact of excessive salt intake on human health.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2022Review
- Ode to Salt: Commentary on "Skin Sodium Accumulates in Psoriasis and Reflects Disease Severity".The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2022Article
- Dietary Management of Heart Failure: DASH Diet and Precision Nutrition Perspectives.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Treatment Adherence in Integrative Medicine-Part One: Review of Literature.Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) · 2021Review
- The Situation-Specific Theory of Heart Failure Self-care: An Update on the Problem, Person, and Environmental Factors Influencing Heart Failure Self-care.The Journal of cardiovascular nursingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The 1500 mg/d dietary sodium restriction commonly recommended for patients with heart failure has recently been questioned. Poor adherence to sodium-restricted diets makes assessing the efficacy of sodium restriction challenging. Therefore, successful behavioral interventions are needed. We reviewed sodium restriction trials and descriptive studies of sodium restriction to: 1) determine if sodium restriction was achieved in interventions among heart failure patients; and 2) characterize predictors of successful dietary sodium restriction. Among 638 identified studies, 10 intervention trials, and 25 descriptive studies met inclusion criteria. We used content analysis to extract information about sodium restriction and behavioral determinants of sodium restriction. Dietary sodium was reduced in 7 trials; none achieved 1500 mg/d (range 1938-4564 mg/d). The interventions implemented in the interventional trials emphasized knowledge, skills, and self-regulation strategies, but few addressed the determinants correlated with successful sodium restriction in the descriptive studies (eg, social/cultural norms, social support, taste preferences, food access, self-efficacy). Findings suggest that incorporating determinants predictive of successful dietary sodium restriction may improve the success of interventional trials. Without effective interventions to deploy in trials, the safety and efficacy of sodium restriction remains unknown.
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Registered trials
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