ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Bacterial immunotherapy for cancer induces CD4-dependent tumor-specific immunity through tumor-intrinsic interferon-γ signaling.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacteria-based immunotherapy for cancer: a systematic review of preclinical studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Tumor-specific antibodies elicited by engineered bacteria promote bladder cancer immunotherapy in preclinical mouse models.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Immune checkpoint B7x promotes immune evasion and resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in bladder cancer.Genes & diseases · 2026Article
- A Unique Protein Adjuvant for Precision Immunotherapy to Prevent Recurrence of Surgically Resected Colorectal Cancer.Cancers · 2026Review
- The changing landscape of urothelial carcinoma: on the edge of a paradigm shift.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Combination Strategies to Enhance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Efficacy for Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.The Journal of urology · 2026Review
- Article
- Biomarkers for predicting and monitoring the efficacy of cancer vaccines.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Tumor-intrinsic execution of interferon-γ-associated immunity in bladder cancer: checkpoints in signaling, recruitment, and recognition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microbial Product Cocktails for Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Microbiome-targeted nanoplatforms and engineering approaches in breast cancer therapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- A fungal-derived adjuvant amplifies the antitumoral potency of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin via reprogramming granulopoiesis.Immunity · 2025Article
- Microbial cancer immunotherapy reprograms hematopoiesis to enhance myeloid-driven anti-tumor immunity.Cancer cell · 2025Article
- BCG therapy in bladder cancer and its tumor microenvironment interactions.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Detection of spontaneous anti-neoepitope T-cell responses in non-metastatic bladder cancer patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Bacterial live therapeutics for human diseases.Molecular systems biology · 2024Review
- Atypical B Cells Promote Cancer Progression and Poor Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2024Article
- Therapeutic bacteria and viruses to combat cancer: double-edged sword in cancer therapy: new insights for future.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer is the only bacterial cancer therapy approved for clinical use. Although presumed to induce T cell-mediated immunity, whether tumor elimination depends on bacteria-specific or tumor-specific immunity is unknown. Herein we show that BCG-induced bladder tumor elimination requires CD4 and CD8 T cells, although augmentation or inhibition of bacterial antigen-specific T cell responses does not alter the efficacy of BCG-induced tumor elimination. In contrast, BCG stimulates long-term tumor-specific immunity that primarily depends on CD4 T cells. We demonstrate that BCG therapy results in enhanced effector function of tumor-specific CD4 T cells, mainly through enhanced production of IFN-γ. Accordingly, BCG-induced tumor elimination and tumor-specific immune memory require tumor cell expression of the IFN-γ receptor, but not MHC class II. Our findings establish that a bacterial immunotherapy for cancer is capable of inducing tumor immunity, an antitumor effect that results from enhanced function of tumor-specific CD4 T cells, and ultimately requires tumor-intrinsic IFN-γ signaling, via a mechanism that is distinct from other tumor immunotherapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.