SynthesisBreast (Edinburgh, Scotland)2020
Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening.
Synthesis in Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review on Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Challenge for Physicians Treating Patients from Transgender and Gender-Diverse Populations.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Aspects to consider regarding breast cancer risk in trans men: A systematic review and risk management approach.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Single cell RNA-sequencing reveals that testosterone reduces estrogen signaling in the healthy human mammary gland.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Article
- Single cell RNA-sequencing reveals an association between testosterone treatment and reduced hormone signaling in the human mammary gland.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer in Female to Male Transsexuals Before and After Mastectomy Surgery; A Case Report and Literature Review.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Incidental Atypia in Patients Undergoing Chest Masculinization Surgery: An Observational Series.Transgender health · 2025Article
- Contemporary Considerations for Breast Cancer Risk and Screening in Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Diverse Populations.Current breast cancer reports · 2025Article
- Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals: Unresolved and Unaddressed Issues.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2025Article
- Incidence of High Risk and Malignant Pathological Findings in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals Undergoing Gender-Affirming Mastectomy.Annals of surgical oncology · 2024Article
- The Impact of a Breast Cancer Risk Assessment on the Decision for Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals: A Pilot Single-Arm Educational Intervention Trial.Annals of surgical oncology · 2024Observational
- Breast Cancer Screening Referral Patterns and Compliance in Transgender Male Patients.Transgender health · 2024Article
- "We grow older. We also have lots of sex. I just want a doctor who will at least ask about it.": Transgender, non-binary, and intersex older adults in sexual and reproductive healthcare.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Recent insights into the role of hormones during development and their functional regulation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review.BMJ oncology · 2024Review
- "Lights and Shades" of Fertility Preservation in Transgender Men Patients: A Clinical and Pathological Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Histopathologic Features of Breast Tissue From Transgender Men and Their Associations With Androgen Therapy.American journal of clinical pathology · 2023Article
- Culturally safe, appropriate, and high-quality breast cancer screening for transgender people: A scoping review.International journal of transgender health · 2023Article
- An Update on the General Features of Breast Cancer in Male Patients-A Literature Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A Single-Center Study of Adherence to Breast Cancer Screening Mammography Guidelines by Transgender and Non-Binary Patients.Annals of surgical oncology · 2022Article
- Gender-affirming Mastectomy with Concurrent Oncologic Mastectomy.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFemale-to-male (FtM) transsexuals may use testosterone therapy for masculinization, which potentially influences the risk of breast cancer development. Guided by our case report, we aimed to investigate the evidence regarding the risk of testosterone therapy on breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals and evaluate breast cancer screening in this subgroup.
methodsWe conducted a systematic literature search according to the PRISMA checklist in June 2020 in PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid/EMBASE. Reference lists of included articles were screened to find additional articles that met the inclusion criteria. All cohort studies and case reports evaluating breast cancer in FtM transsexuals after testosterone therapy were included.
resultsWe found 23 cases of FtM transsexuals who developed breast cancer after testosterone therapy, including our own case. Moreover, we evaluated ten retrospective cohort studies investigating breast malignancy in the transsexual population. The cohort studies showed no elevated risk in FtM transsexuals compared to natal women. Including our own case, nine cases were described in which breast malignancy was incidentally found during routine histological examination after mastectomy. High-level evidence for a correlation between testosterone therapy and breast malignancy is missing.
conclusionFew cases are described of FtM transsexuals with breast malignancy. However, cases such as these make physicians aware of the possibility of breast cancer in FtM transsexuals. Radiological screening of FtM transsexuals for breast cancer prior to mastectomy and histological screening of the mammalian tissue after mastectomy should be considered; physicians should decide together with every individual FtM transsexual if screening is necessary.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.