ArticleAntiviral research2020
In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of single and combined repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Antiviral research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04944082 (Remdesivir Versus Remdesivir- Ivermectin Combination Therapy in Severe and Critically Ill Covid-19), which is not on this map. Cited by 90 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Remdesivir Versus Remdesivir- Ivermectin Combination Therapy in Severe and Critically Ill Covid-19
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of remdesivir for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Indian journal of pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of favipiravir in COVID-19: a live systematic review.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2021Pooled it
- Optimal Dose and Safety of Intravenous Favipiravir in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Dose-Escalating, Randomized Controlled Phase Ib Study.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness and safety of cyclosporine A in moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized, open-label trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Standardizing antiviral response metrics for mono- and combination therapies in acute, chronic and latent viral infections.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Bioactive galloylquinic acids from Copaifera lucens as dual inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and RdRp proteins.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- How Can Pharmacology Help Us Overcome the Challenges of Drug Repositioning as Antivirals to Treat Emerging Pathogens? The Example of Covid-19.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- Fisetin as an Antiviral Agent Targeting the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: Computational Prediction and In Vitro Experimental Validation.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Remdesivir and Its Metabolite GS-441524 in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2025Observational
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation of SARS-CoV-2 E Ion Channel: The Study of Lone Protein and its Conformational Changes in Complex with Potential Cage Inhibitors.Current computer-aided drug design · 2025Article
- Identification and evaluation of antiviral activity of novel compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2 virus by enzymatic and antiviral assays, and computational analysis.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- QSPR/QSAR study of antiviral drugs modeled as multigraphs by using TI's and MLR method to treat COVID-19 disease.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Fangchinoline induces antiviral response by suppressing STING degradation.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2024Article
- Management of immunosuppression in lung transplant recipients and COVID-19 outcomes: an observational retrospective cohort-study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Bile acids and coronavirus disease 2019.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Research Progress on Spike-Dependent SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Inhibitors and Small Molecules Targeting the S2 Subunit of Spike.Viruses · 2024Review
- Two-way pharmacodynamic modeling of drug combinations and its application to pairs of repurposed Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 agents.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In response to the current pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, identifying and validating effective therapeutic strategies is more than ever necessary. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of a shortlist of compounds, known for their cellular broad-spectrum activities, together with drugs that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, berberine and cyclosporine A in Vero E6 cells model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with estimated 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.99, 5.2, 1.38, 3.5, 10.6 and 3 μM, respectively. Virus-directed plus host-directed drug combinations were also investigated. We report a strong antagonism between remdesivir and berberine, in contrast with remdesivir/diltiazem, for which we describe high levels of synergy, with mean Loewe synergy scores of 12 and peak values above 50. Combination of host-directed drugs with direct acting antivirals underscore further validation in more physiological models, yet they open up interesting avenues for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.