ReviewNature reviews. Urology2020
Trained immunity as a molecular mechanism for BCG immunotherapy in bladder cancer.
Review in Nature reviews. Urology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04806178 (Systemic Immunological Response of Bladder Cancer Patients Under Bacillus Calmette Guérin Treatment), which is not on this map. Cited by 115 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Systemic Immunological Response of Bladder Cancer Patients Under Bacillus Calmette Guérin Treatment
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oncologic outcomes of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy in elderly patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Prolonged Progression-Free Survival, Disease-Free Survival, and Cystectomy Avoidance With IL-15 Receptor Lymphocyte-Stimulating Agent NAI Plus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Papillary-Only Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.The Journal of urology · 2026Trial
- Durable Responses and Cystectomy Avoidance With Interleukin-15 Receptor Agonist NAI Plus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer With Carcinoma In Situ ± Papillary Disease.The Journal of urology · 2026Article
- Combination therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: biological rationale and ongoing clinical strategies.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Cold and hot tumors: immunological determinants, cancer-immunity cycle dysregulation, and nanotechnology-driven therapeutic approaches.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- The landscape of genitourinary cancer vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- The type-I interferon priming signal balances antibacterial and antitumor trained immunity in alveolar macrophages.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Engineered BCG selectively triggers trained immunity in tumor-associated macrophages and sensitizes glioblastoma to radiotherapy in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Tissue context as a determinant of trained innate immunity: a conserved molecular toolkit with divergent functional outputs.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Review
- Systemic administration of liposomal trehalose dimycolate induces NK1.1⁺ cell mediated antitumor immunity in bladder cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Combination Strategies to Enhance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Efficacy for Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.The Journal of urology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of trained immunity as a potential strategy for a universal Streptococcus suis vaccine using immunogenic proteins in a murine model.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Differential effects of BCG-Russia and BCG-TICE on trained immunity: Potential implications for bladder cancer immunotherapy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Trained immunity in cancer and autoimmunity: a double-edged sword in immune memory reprogramming.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- AttenuatedFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Decoding the temporal dimension of innate immunity in intravesical BCG therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Trained immunity in cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development: mechanisms, evidence gaps, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- A radiomics-driven machine learning model for predicting bladder cancer prognosis identifies genes associated with radiomic features.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2025Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intravesical BCG instillation is the gold-standard adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, the precise mechanism of action by which BCG asserts its beneficial effects is still unclear. BCG has been shown to induce a non-specific enhancement of the biological function in cells of the innate immune system, creating a de facto heterologous immunological memory that has been termed trained immunity. Trained immunity or innate immune memory enables innate immune cells to mount a more robust response to secondary non-related stimuli after being initially primed (or trained) by a challenge such as BCG. BCG-induced trained immunity is characterized by the metabolic rewiring of monocyte intracellular metabolism and epigenetic modifications, which subsequently lead to functional reprogramming effects, such as an increased production of cytokines, on restimulation. Results from BCG vaccination studies in humans show that trained immunity might at least partly account for the heterologous beneficial effects of BCG vaccination. Additionally, immunity might have a role in the effect of BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Based on these indications, we propose that trained immunity could be one of the important mechanisms mediating BCG immunotherapy and could provide a basis for further improvements towards a personalized approach to BCG therapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.