ArticleAIDS research and therapy2020
Possible role of plasma Galectin-9 levels as a surrogate marker of viremia in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.
Article in AIDS research and therapy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential associations of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies and soluble CD14 levels with immunosenescence in people living with HIV on long term antiretroviral therapy.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Plasma galectin-9 relates to cognitive performance and inflammation among adolescents with vertically acquired HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2024Article
- Article
- Plasma galectin-9 levels correlate with blood monocyte turnover and predict simian/human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.Translational medicine communications · 2024Article
- Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose Modulates Local Viral Immune Defense by Supporting the Regulatory Functions of Intestinal Epithelial and Immune Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Both N- and C-terminal domains of galectin-9 are capable of inducing HIV reactivation despite mediating differential immunomodulatory functionalities.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Plasma galectin-9 as a predictor of adverse non-AIDS events in persons with chronic HIV during suppressive antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2021Article
- Article
- Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Plasma Levels of a Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 Are the Most Sensitive Biomarkers of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Tuberculosis Coinfection.Biomolecules · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEarly detection of viremia in HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is important to prevent disease progression as well as accumulation of drug resistance mutations. This makes HIV viral load (VL) monitoring indispensable in HIV infected patients on ART. However VL, being an expensive test, results in heavy financial burden on health services. Hence, cheaper surrogate markers of viremia are desired to reduce overall cost of management of HIV infected patients.
methodsWe enrolled aviremic (n = 63, M:F = 31:32) and viremic (n = 43, M:F = 21:22) HIV infected patients at 1 year after ART initiation. Viremic individuals were identified as those having a plasma VL of more than 1000 copies/µl and aviremic individuals as less than 40 copies/µl. The study participants also included immuno-virologically discordant patients as they demonstrate differential degrees of immune-reconstitution and are likely to harbour concomitant infections influencing levels of immune-activation markers screened as the surrogate markers. Immune activation markers viz. plasma hs-CRP, soluble-CD14 and Galectin-9 levels were estimated by ELISA, IL-6 by luminex assay and percentages of CD38+ CD8+ cells were determined by flow cytometry. The levels were compared between viremic and aviremic patients and correlated with plasma viral load. Receiver operated curve (ROC) analysis was done for plasma Galectin-9 levels.
resultsViremic patients had significantly higher levels of Galectin-9 and %CD38+ CD8+ cells (p values < 0.0001) than aviremic patients. Levels of the other activation markers did not differ between viremic and aviremic individuals. Galectin-9 levels (r = 0.76) and %CD38+ CD8+ cells (r = 0.39) correlated positively with VL. Area under curve for Galectin-9 levels for distinguishing between viremic and aviremic individuals was 0.98. Youden index, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for Galectin-9 levels were 0.87, 0.97, 0.90, 0.87 and 0.98, respectively, at the cut-off value of 5.79 ng/ml.
conclusionsPlasma Galectin-9 levels could identify viremic individuals with sensitivity and specificity of more than 90%. Thus, they showed a potential to serve as a surrogate marker of viremia in HIV infected patients on ART and would have cost implications on HIV management especially in resource-limited settings. However, the findings need to be confirmed in the patients on ART for different durations of time.
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