ReviewJournal of thrombosis and thrombolysis2021
COVID-19: the role of excessive cytokine release and potential ACE2 down-regulation in promoting hypercoagulable state associated with severe illness.
Review in Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are platelet volume indices of clinical use in COVID-19? A systematic review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The Role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pathogenesis, and Antiviral Interventions.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- Article
- Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), Platelets and Platelet Index MPV/PLT Ratio as Specific Time Point Predictive Variables of Survival Outcomes in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The prevalence of thromboembolic events among COVID-19 patients admitted to a single centre intensive care unit (ICU): an epidemiological study from a Malaysian population.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2025Article
- Association between COVID-19 severity with liver abnormalities: A retrospective study in a referral hospital in Indonesia.Narra J · 2024Article
- Narrative Review Explaining the Role ofInfectious disease reports · 2024Review
- Article
- Estimated plasma volume status in COVID-19 patients and its relation to comorbidities and clinical outcomes.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2024Article
- Assessing the gene expression of the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its relation with the IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels in COVID-19 patients.Molecular biology reports · 2023Article
- Targeting IL-6 trans-signalling: past, present and future prospects.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Unraveling Acute and Post-COVID Cytokine Patterns to Anticipate Future Challenges.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The controversial effect of smoking and nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Review
- Potential Benefits of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (N3PUFAs) on Cardiovascular Health Associated with COVID-19: An Update for 2023.Metabolites · 2023Review
- The use of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 critically ill patients with renal impairment: a multicenter, cohort study.Renal failure · 2023Article
- Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: Multilayered cross-talks in the setting of coinfections and comorbidities.PLoS pathogens · 2023Review
- Neutrophil activation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in COVID-19 ARDS and immunothrombosis.European journal of immunology · 2023Review
- Interleukin 6: A biomarker for COVID-19 progression.Materials today. Proceedings · 2023Article
- Association between use of novel glucose-lowering drugs and COVID-19 hospitalization and death in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide registry analysis.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2022Article
- The suboptimal fibrinolytic response in COVID-19 is dictated by high PAI-1.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a universally prevalent infectious disease. The causative virus of COVID-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2. Recent retrospective clinical studies have established a significant association between the incidence of vascular thrombotic events and the severity of COVID-19. The enhancement in serum levels of markers that reflect a hypercoagulable state has been suggested to indicate a poor prognosis. Therefore, at present, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that foster the hypercoagulable state in COVID-19. Over-activated inflammatory response, which is manifested as excessive cytokine release in COVID-19 patients, is also associated with COVID-19 severity. This review discusses the immuno-pathological basis of the excessive cytokine release in COVID-19. Besides, this article reviews the role of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, whose significant elevations in their serum levels have been consistently detected in multiple different clinical studies, in promoting the hypercoagulable state. Since the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is potentially down-regulated in COVID-19, as proposed by a recent bio-informatic analysis, mechanisms through which reduced ACE2 expressions promote vascular thrombosis are summarized. In addition, the reciprocal-enhancing effects of the excessive cytokine release and the downregulated ACE2 expression on their pro-thrombotic activities are further discussed. Here, based on currently available evidence, we review the pathogenic mechanisms of the hypercoagulable state associated with severe cases of COVID-19 to give insights into prevention and treatment of the vascular thrombotic events in COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.